A Third World Country Report of Iraq Essay - 3205 Words

CHALLENGE OF THIRD WORLD DEVELOPMENT A Third World Country Report of Iraq Name Dr. Rasool Nafisi Sociology 300 A term paper presented to the General Studies Department Strayer University Online in partial fulfillment for the completion of Sociology 300 General Studies Department (Sociology) Strayer University Online August 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Dependency and Modernization Theories†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4 Religion and Politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Democracy and Dictatorship†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Ethnic- Cultural Divisions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...7 Women and Development†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Global Issues†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9†¦show more content†¦The Shi’a and Sunni are the two main Muslim sects in Iraq, with about 80 to 90 percent being Shi’a. Religion and politics are so closely amalgamated in Iraq that the influence of religious sect leaders will directly affect political policies. The Shi’a sect is so influential in Iraqi politics that in 2010 it was four seats short of garnering and completing an absolute majority rule within the Iraqi Parliament, under the party name Iraqi National Alliance, which is a combination of Iraq’s two most powerful Shi’a groups. Democracy and Dictatorship In the most basic sense, democracy can be defined as a system dominated by elections. Handelman states that democracy can be defined as, â€Å"... a political system that holds fair, contested elections on a regular basis, with universal adult suffrage.† (Handelman, p. 30). Additionally, Handleman offers up another, more thorough, definition of democracy that fully explains the intricacies of the ideology. Handelman expresses, †¦It is a political system that conforms to the following conditions: most of the country’s leading government officials are elected, there is universal or near universal suffrage; elections are largely free of fraud and outside manipulation; opposition-party candidates have a realistic chance of being elected to important national offices; and civil liberties-- including minority rights—areShow MoreRelatedEssay about Humanitarian Issues in Afghanistan and Iraq1054 Words   |  5 Pagesregion was carv ed up by European powers following the First World War. More recently, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the ensuing power struggle and the United States’ operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have caused untold suffering for civilians. In Iraq and Afghanistan in particular, there are many regions where civilians suffer terrible conditions, and there is much human suffering. Civilian casualties are becoming more common in Iraq and Afghanistan. Statistics show that there has been aRead MoreEssay on Chemical And Biological Weapons1165 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved ourselves in. Iraq for example, has a long and extensive history of using chemical weapons. In the 1980’s, Iraq released poisonous gases against Iranian troops. Iraq has even used chemical weapons against it’s own Kurdish citizens to subdue rebellions. As one of the aftermaths of the Persian Gulf War, however, Iraq agreed to giveup all materials and equipment for making chemical and biological weapons. An organization called UNSCOM or United Nations Special Commissions on Iraq was formed to ensureRead MoreIraq and Democracy Essay711 Words   |  3 PagesIraq and Democracy Systems based on guaranteed freedoms, the rule of law, and peaceful electoral transitions are obviously desirable for all. Todays debate over bringing democracy to the Muslim Middle East often centers on whether the region is ready for democracy (Newsom). A number of problems the US has to face during transferring democratic essentials seems to just increase: ongoing fights in whole Iraq, a lack of governmental structure, a shortage of charismaticRead MoreIsis And The Islamic State1527 Words   |  7 PagesISIS continues to dominate the news and internet. With each news report of beheadings, executions, and crucifixion, people want to understand what is ISIS and where did they come from. The acronym ISIS, in English, stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, but in Arabic it stands for   The Islamic State in Iraq and Ash-Sham.   It is also   known as ISIL, because sometimes Syria is replaced with the term the Levant. ISIS is a radical  Sunni  Muslim organization  whose  aim  is  to  restore  an  IslamicRead MoreDomestic American Terrorism1780 Words   |  7 Pagespast to understand the present. American foreign policy since the countries foundation has been based off the white paternalistic perception that the United States is the most righteous, without sin country in existence. This ethnocentrism has developed biased justifications for involvement in other countries foreign affairs. According to Loewen, â€Å"the United States seeks first to increase its own prosperity and influence in the world.† In 1953, the Kremlin was gaining influence in Iran, aiding IranRead MoreTerrorism : A Terrorist Attack On America Essay758 Words   |  4 Pagesa long time as well as all over the world. The global deaths due to terrorism is up for then 4,000 percent over the past dozen years. The largest terrorist attack on America soil was 9/11, and it still has a huge impact to this day. One of the most popular groups of terrorist today is ISIS. Another big group is Al Qaeda who when under one of the most famous terrorist, Osama Bin Laden, caused 9/11. 9/11’s impact is unforgettable and forever changed this country and also caused lots of racial discriminationRead MoreEssay Nations Should Promote Globalization, Not Localization1078 Words   |  5 Pagescurrencies from one area of the world to another. (Rosenau 15) Localization is the narrowing of horizons and the confinement of peoples, activities, norms, ideas, goods, services, and currencies to a particular geographic area. (Rosenau 16) Globalization and localization affect the world’s countries in three main areas, politics, economics, and culture. Both globalization and localization have many benefits, as well as many costs. Globalization is a predominant force in the world today. The developmentRead MoreEssay on America Should Not Use Military Force in Iraq1357 Words   |  6 Pagesfight another war on Iraq? In almost every statement on foreign policy, Bush states his belief on his war against Iraq and depicts Saddam Hussein as â€Å"an evil.† A recent poll showed that â€Å"nearly seven in 10 supported military action to force Saddam Hussein from power (Public Agenda). Before you make your decision, do you think a war after Iraq is justified by International law and US law? Do you know the current situation and the background of Iraq and the Middle East world? Do you think gettingRead MoreUnemployment Is A Measure Of Unemployment1532 Words   |  7 Pagescalculated as a percentage by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by individuals currently in the labour force. In a 2011, Business Week Reported, â€Å"More than two hundred (200) million people globally are out of work, a record high, as almost two-third of advanced economies and half of developing economies are experiencing a slowdown in employment growth. According to Jhingan (2001), unemployment can be conceived as the number of people who are unemployed in an economy, often given as a percentageRead MoreThe United States Military Bases1436 Words   |  6 PagesFor roughly 1% of the United States population, the past 10 years have been an ever changing experience serving across the world. On September 11, 2001, the United States was attacked by a terrorist organization residing in Afghanistan. The United States Armed forces were called upon to fight a war against terrorism. In May 2003, this conflict extended to Iraq, which was acting as a safe zone for many of the world’s terrorists. Since that time, more than 70,000 contractors and sub-contractors have

Schizophrenia Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment Essay

INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness. Patients experience progressive personality changes and a breakdown in their relationships with the outside world. They have disorganized and abnormal thinking, behavior and language and become emotionally unresponsive or withdrawn. â€Å"The first signs, usually only noticed in looking back on events, are likely to include an unexpected withdrawal of the degree or type of contact that the person used to have with family or school. The person seems less capable of of dealing with minor stresses in the accustomed way. This may develop to an extreme over months or years (sometimes termed negative symptoms). Alternatively, the person may develop elaborate constructions to interpret the†¦show more content†¦Genetic Risk of Schizophrenia Familial Relationship Risk Identical twin affected 50% Fraternal twin affected 15% Sibling affected 10% One parent affected 15% Both parents affected 35% Second-degree relative affected 2-3% No affected relatives 1% General population 1% Source: Roberts, Leigh, Weinberger (1993) (NISAD: A Schizophrenia Research, http://www.nisad.org.au/schizophrenia/default.asp ) As you can see, researchers in the past did see that schizophrenia runs in families. However, that was in 1993. Today, it has been established that over 90 percent of cases ariseShow MoreRelatedSymptoms And Outcomes Of Schizophrenia1634 Words   |  7 Pages Schizophrenia does not exist in nature but is a man-made concept (Boghossian, 2001). It is a blurred set of ideas with no natural boundaries, constituting a social construct (Brockington, 1991). A study by Dutta et al., (2007) infers that patients diagnosed with schizophrenia present a wide diversity of symptoms and outcomes, and no biological or psychological feature has been found to be pathognomonic of the disorder. The paper goes on to say that there is no defining symptom boundary to separateRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1011 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that consists of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought. â€Å"Schizo† if Greek for Split while â€Å"phrene† means mind; schizophrenia literally translates to split mind (Burton, 2012). Why is schizophrenia considered to be split minded? According to Khouzam, 2012 split mind is used to describe the disruption within the thought process Schizophreni a is a mental disorder that has subcategories that include paranoia, catatonia, disorganized, residual andRead MoreSymptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1337 Words   |  6 Pages Schizophrenia Research Taylor Shepherd Remington College Author’s Note: Over the course of this paper, I will be going through the three main categories related to Schizophrenia; Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Schizophrenia Defined Schizophrenia is defined as a psychotic disorder characterized by loss of contact with the environment, by noticeable deterioration in the level of functioning in everyday life, and by disintegration of personality expressed as disorder of feeling, thoughtRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Schizophrenia1569 Words   |  7 Pagesmental health professionals, Jaime was confirmed to have paranoid schizophrenia. Jaime was immediately put on antipsychotic medication, and after about 3 months of taking that medication, he started attending psychological treatment. He has been continuing with both procedures for about a year. Today, his medication dose has lowered and he has shown much improvement compared to when he first was diagnosed. Introduction Positive symptoms are behaviors that aren t seen in healthy people, people whoRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Disorders992 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia While some may understand the concept of not having control over a specific disorder, fewer are able to imagine living with a disorder in which an altered perception of reality is created. â€Å"Schizophrenia is, in fact, a class of disorders that causes a distortion of reality to occur to its patients and effects the lives of many individuals to this day (Feldman, 2013). While this may fall into the large mix of other mental disorders, it is truly unlike any other because of the creationRead MoreSchizophrenia - Informative Speech1514 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about schizophrenia and its consequences. Central Idea: Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects millions of people and it should not be underestimated or ignored. Introduction I. Does anyone have a friend who hears voices that nobody else hears, sees things that nobody else sees or believes that people are controlling his mind and trying to plot against him? A. Well, I do. B. I have a closeRead MoreAbnormality and Schizophrenia1532 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to Mathers et al., (1996) â€Å"Schizophrenia ranks among the top ten causes of disability worldwide and affects one in one hundred people at some point in their lives.† (Cardwell and Flanagan, 2012). Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder which is commonly diagnosed in 15-30 year old individuals. It disrupts a person’s cognition, perceptions and emotions, making it extremely difficult to diagnose. Bleuler (1911) introduced the term schizophrenia, which translates as ‘split-mind’ or ‘dividedRead MoreSchizophrenia Disorder Among Male Inmate Population Essay1685 Words   |  7 PagesThe focus of this paper is schizophrenia disorder among male inmate population. There are many unanswered questions about schizophrenia disorder in spite of countless studies. The American Psychiatric Association (APA) estimated the lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia to be be tween 0.3 - 0.7% (APA, 2013). Inmate population is chosen because psychotic experiences and behaviors often result in criminal charges. The prevalence of schizophrenia in the U.S. prisons is 2 - 6.5% (Prins, 2014). The maleRead More Schizophrenia Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a debilitating mental disorder characterized by a dysfunctional thinking process and withdrawal from the outside world. The word schizophrenia comes from two Greek words schizo which means split and phrenia, which means mind. This doesnt mean that a person with the disorder has multiple personalities, but rather parts of the mind seem to be operating independent of each other. The disease affects approximately 1 in 100 people and there are thought to be overRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia Medication Treatment934 Words   |  4 PagesSCHIZOPHRENIA MEDICATION TREATMENT Introduction Schizophrenia is a disease of brain which disturbs the way brain cell communicate with each other and function, which is commonly caused by excessive production of dopamine. Furthermore, it cause serious psychotic symptoms which disrupts an individual quality of life, social deficit, abnormal social behaviors which often due to doubting and adapting unrealistic cases to realistic situations, and as a result, social isolation. For treatment of schizophrenia

Not Up For Debate The Science Behind Vaccination

In today’s society, we believe that everything is up for debate, and that every topic can be opinionated. We like to have the power to make our own choices regardless of facts, just because we feel the pressure of being told what to do. We are lazy to learn the truth, but yet we are ready to choose sides and strongly argue about it. We see it every day on the news, in politics, sports, social media, online forums, school, etc. In his article, â€Å"Not Up for Debate: The Science Behind Vaccination†, published in September of 2015, Professor Aaron E. Carroll argues that the issue with vaccinations is more than just choosing to do it or not. Carroll jumps right into his discussion of the â€Å"Not up for debate† regarding people’s claims tying vaccines to autism, the choice not to, and officials backing them up. He explains how this argument stems from incorrect information, inadequate studies and research, and poor education about the facts and data about t he vaccines, which leads to the stubborn belief that vaccinations should be banned. Cornell states that there is no solid legitimate link between vaccines to autism, and that researchers have been able to purify vaccines over time. Pediatricians in general support vaccines and the fact that the all save lives. Aaron E. Carroll, MD, MS is a Professor of Pediatrics and Associate Dean for Research Mentoring at Indiana University School of Medicine. He is also the director of the Center for Health Policy and Professionalism Research. HeShow MoreRelatedHPV Vaccination Controversy Essay examples697 Words   |  3 PagesHPV vaccinations have been involved in some heated debates involving the general public and the government for some time now; whether the vaccine is worth being administered to young girls is the underlying question and if so at what cost. In the articles â€Å"HPV Vaccine Texas Tyranny† and â€Å"The HPV Debate† both authors Mike Adams and Arthur Allen provide enlightening information on why the HPV vaccinations should not be mandated through legislation, Adams conveys his bias and explains how the governmentRead MoreMmr Vaccine And The Vaccine1281 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of science which has prevented countless numbers of diseases by giving one’s body an immunity to a microorganism by stimulating the body’s immune system and giving it the ability to recognize the pathogen as it enters the body to be more easily and readily destroyed. Autism, on the other hand, has not yet been fully linked back to a specific cause or reason. Because of this uncertainty, disgruntled parents have chosen to believe ideas with no scientific backing behind them besides whatRead MoreShould Mandatory Child Vaccination Be Mandatory?1349 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate over whether states should require parents to vaccinate their child has existed since the first vaccine in 1796. As long as there are vaccinations, there will be an argument against them. When babies are born, doctors will tell parents about all the vaccinations children need until their 18th birthday. Doctors recommend children to be vaccinated against 14 different diseases before they turn two. However, some parents don’t believe that vaccinations are necessary, and i f they aren’t necessaryRead MoreBoth Galileo And Darwin Are Legendary Figures Within Science1425 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Galileo and Darwin are legendary figures within science and history due to their discoveries which had a monumental impact on society during both their respective lives and modern day time. Their discoveries prompted discussion that challenged tradition and old ideas and despite not being appreciated by the entire public at the time, the theories they introduced have had long lasting impacts on our government and society today. Galileo and Darwin’s finding have a significant impact upon modernRead MoreVaccinations Can Cause Autism?848 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen great debate about whether or not vaccinations can cause autism. The number of cases of preventable diseases has increased significantly since Dr Andrew Wakefield’s paper about the link between MMR and Autism was published. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported in 2015 there were 189 cases reported; and in 2014 the US experienced a record number of cases with a shocking 667 cases in one year. The numbers continue to go up as the years go by due to the fear of the vaccinations causing autismRead MoreThe, Pro, And The Pro Choice1378 Words   |  6 Pagesas ethical (Sheng, 1991). There are two sides of this debate, the â€Å"pro-mandate† and the â€Å"pro-choice† and both will be discussed. I will argue using the pro-mandate utilitarian approach that all children, without medical exemption, should be required by the government to get the MMR vaccine, because vaccinations play a crucial role in public health and saving lives. First to be explained are each side of the argument. The history of vaccinations in order to disprove that humans haven’t had vaccinesRead MoreVaccines Are Meant To Help Both Human And Animals By Providing1304 Words   |  6 Pagesmulti-factorial and often difficult to predict in all cases. Further, no vaccine is completely safe and effective in all situations for all animal patients. The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) believes that a medically based approach to vaccination protocols is an appropriate method to address the preventative health needs in multiple animal species, breeds and individual patients. Vaccines in veterinary medicine have proven to be a boon for animal health. Yet the usefulness of veterinaryRead MoreMedia and Its Effects on Society1437 Words   |  6 Pagesresult in disinterest among people. Thus, media is a potential means in shaping our understanding on particular issue. It is capable of fanning certain topics for mass audience to assume and discuss. For instance, the vaccine controversy, an on-going debate whether or not vaccines cause autism, has not come to any conclusion, partly due to the media influence. The media attempts to provide equal coverage for both sides of the argument—the pro and the con vaccines—providing room for a few extremists toRead MoreSome of the Benefits of Vaccination Essays1307 Words   |  6 Pages The Benefits of Vaccination Vaccinations are one of the single most important things one can do for the health of their children. Although, it has been a subject of recent controversy, the benefits of being vaccinated far outweigh not being vaccinated. Instead of taking medical advice from an actress, or buying into the conspiracy theories that suggest the government is using immunizations in an attempt to poison the population, parents need to spend a little time doing some research on the matterRead MoreShould Hpv Vaccines Be Mandatory?1513 Words   |  7 PagesJosie Caskey Honors Rhetoric Dr. Margaret Murray 20 April 2015 Should HPV Vaccines Be Mandatory? The debate over the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines represents two very controversial topics in healthcare in America, mandatory vaccination and teenage sexuality. Currently the two approved vaccines, Gardasil and Ceravix, are designed to protect against the sexually transmitted virus HPV. Because these vaccines have their greatest benefit when given before a person becomes sexually active, the

Taste Aversion through Classical Conditioning Essay

Taste Aversion through Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning states that learning is a gradual process, that it is not possible for a subject to be classically condition in only one trial. However, if you eat something and become sick from it, there is a very good probability that you will develop a strong distaste for that food. This effect is known as taste aversion, which has brought up many questions about classical conditioning. It was Garcia and Koelling (1966) who studied the level of conditioning in rats using two conditioned stimulus (CS), an audiovisual stimulus and a salty flavor added to drinking water. The two unconditioned stimulus (UCS), a mild foot-shock and a nausea-producing drug. In the conditioning†¦show more content†¦It is seen that the rats promptly learned to associate a taste CS with a UCS of nausea but not with the foot-shock, where the audiovisual CS was conditioned to the foot-shock but not to nausea (Walker 1995). Taste aversion has violated three principles of classical conditioning, the first is that equal associability of stimuli: any CS can be paired with any UCS. This has proven to be untrue because if it were, the rats that became sick would have avoided both the salty water CS and the audiovisual CS. The second principle violated is temporal contiguity: CS and UCS have to be presented close together in time. Again untrue in this case because of such a long delay between drinking the salty water and becoming sick. The third and final principle is that learning is gradual, but in this case only one trial was enough. The studies done by Garcia and Koelling have had much support from many other experiments done in similar or the same situations. A study of ingestional aversion (Gregg, Melanie, Kittrell, Domjan Amsel, 1978), where 12 and 15 day-old rats were conditioned by infusing a .5% solution of saccharin into the oral cavity. This was then followed by an oral infusion by the injection of lithium chloride. At both ages, subjects that had saccharin exposure was followed by a lithium injection within 2 to 3 minutes drank less when theShow MoreRelatedLearning Experience Paper : Smoking Cessation Essay1185 Words   |  5 Pagesfurther, what does learning mean, precisely? Namely, the definition of learning is the resulting change in behavior or knowledge that occurs through experience (Boundless, 2016). Moreover, (from a psychological aspect) associative learning entails linking particular stimuli or events that occur jointly in the environment (such as in classical and operant conditioning). A nd, cognitive-social learning is a cognitive learning process - series of thoughts and comprehension with experiences and actions -Read MoreBiological Constraints in Classical Conditioning1993 Words   |  8 PagesWhat are the biological constraints in Classical Conditioning? Report the procedure and results of two studies supporting your answer. Word count: 1500 words excluding references Abstract A biological constraint in learning theory refers to an inherited tendency to learn and create certain relationships, and it has been said that some species are much more readily than others in learning such behaviour. Therefore it involves the factors which make populations resistant to evolutionary changeRead MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1419 Words   |  6 PagesClassical conditioning was first observed and developed by a Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov who lived from (1927-1960). The concept of classical conditioning is widely considered to be the most fundamental form of learning. Even before Ivan Pavlov named the process of conditioning, his work was considered ahead of his time (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). In fact, Pavlov was presented the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Nero Medicine for his research on the digestion system of dogs (Feeser, 2002, p. 24).Read MoreThe Theory Of Classical Conditioning1448 Words   |  6 PagesIvan Pavlov a Russian physiologist who lived f rom (1927-1960) first observed and conceived the concept of Classical conditioning. The concept of classical conditioning is widely distinguished and understood as the most basic form of cognitive learning. Even before Ivan Pavlov named the process of conditioning, his work was considered ahead of his time (Feeser, 2002, p. 24). In fact, Pavlov was presented a Nobel Prize in Physiology and Nero Medicine for his research on the digestion system of dogsRead MoreClassical Conditioning and Ice Cream Truck782 Words   |  4 Pagesconditioned and unconditioned responses? Provide at least three examples of each type of response. Conditioned is a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of prior conditioning and unconditioned is an unlearned reaction/response to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without prior conditioning. Example: 2. According to Pavlov, what determines how individuals respond to the environment? The momentary cortical mosaic determines how an organism will respond to its environmentRead MoreAversion Therapy Is A Method Of Treatment Used For Treat, Decrease, And Evidentially2897 Words   |  12 Pages AVERSION THERAPY Chad Rowe Mississippi College Child Abuse Investigation AJU432 AO/OL Pamela Spence July 2, 2015 Abstract Aversion Therapy is a method of treatment used to treat, decrease, and evidentially try to eliminate intolerable behaviors. This form of treatment has been used to treat many different addictions and ailments. There are multiple methods used in Aversion Therapy treatment. The study of Aversion TherapyRead MoreSubstance Of Substance Abuse Among Teenagers1362 Words   |  6 Pageslearn many of their addictive behaviors through what is called classical conditioning. Furthermore, people always pair up environmental cues with addictive substances. Fortunately, many addictions can be â€Å"unlearned† and we can do this by counter-conditioning. Counter –conditioning is a type of classical conditioning and we do this by doing something called taste aversion (dislike of a specific taste). Taste aversion functions in the same was as food aversion; we pair something that provides goodRead MoreIvan Pavlov s Classical Conditioning1149 Words   |  5 Pagesrelatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. A stimulus is anything that comes in through your senses. A response is anything that goes out through your muscles (anything you do). Habituation is a decrease in response to a repeated stimulus. Classical conditioning: Ivan Pavlov, J. B. Watson; works on reflexes and emotional behaviors through the repeated pairing of two stimuli. Operant conditioning: E. L. Thorndike, B. F. Skinner; works on all other behaviors by following a response withRead MoreThe Role of the Amygdala in Human Functioning Essay1782 Words   |  8 Pages In other words, Bechara clarified that the amygdala is responsible for the acquisitioning of fear conditioning whereas the hippocampus is responsible for memory of conditioning procedures. In the year 1990 up until the year 1996, LeDoux studied the role of different brain structures in rats in reference to fear conditioning. He found that after creating lesions in the amygdala fear conditioning did not take place. Furthermore, his research concluded that the amygdala is an important structureRead More Contrasting Principles of Classical and Operant Conditioning2161 Words   |  9 Pagesdiverse, most psychologists believe that learning occurs in several basic forms: conditioning – classical and operant and observational learning. Myers defined conditioning as ‘the process of learning associations’. Classical conditioning is where the stimulus serves as a signal for the occurrence of a second stimulus. (Learning to associate two stimuli’s together). In classical conditioning we are able to acquire information about the relations between various stimuli and

Michelle v Canconcert Free Essays

string(131) " on the facts to suggest dishonesty, but her act of treating Ben’s wound with poison could possibly constitute recklessness\." Since Michelle suffers from depression, a recognized psychiatric illness, and does not suffer any physical injury, this is a case of duty of care (DOC) under Mental Harm (MM), as provided in sis CLAW. Circumstantial factors will be used to answer the reasonable verifiability question. From the facts, ‘sudden shock can be established as Michelle was in the midst of buying water when she was suddenly shocked by the bang and screams. We will write a custom essay sample on Michelle v Canconcert or any similar topic only for you Order Now Determination of DOC then falls upon sis(2)(b). The contentious issue is whether hearing the accident and its aftermath constituted Witnessing. A similar (but not identical) statutory interpretation issue arose in Wicks/ Sheehan, and the courts took a broad interpretation of the statute. Following this trend in interpretation, the concept of Witnessing should therefore not be limited to sense of ‘sight’ alone, as it is reasonable in such circumstances for one to be affected psychotically by sounds. By referring to provisions in sis(1)(c) CLAW, it can be further inferred that in general, statute intends for witnessing to encompass both concepts of ‘sight’ or ‘sound’ for MM. It was reasonably foreseeable that Michelle could suffer MM under sis(2)(b) as she dinettes Ben being injured and put in danger. The fact that Ben’s leg was broken due to the collapsed seating area shows that he was injured and being put in danger, and is still continually injured and being put in danger till Ben receives medical assistance. Therefore in considering those factors, it was reasonable for Michelle to suffer MM. DOC is established. Breach: The facts indicate that Concerted had been careless and caused the seating area to collapse. Since Consonance’s conduct was negligent, there is breach of duty. Causation: In establishing necessary condition, the ‘but for’ test is satisfied by showing that the incident had a profound effect on Michelle, resulting in depression. This satisfies factual causation. No scope of liability (SOL) issues as Michelle MM is direct result of the collapse seating area. Michelle depression is the kind of harm that is reasonably foreseeable due to Consonance’s admitted negligence for the incident. Defenses: No defense available, thus Concerted fully liable for negligence. Fauna v Concerted Pity Ltd Since Fauna suffers from a depressive episode, a recognized psychiatric illness, and does not suffer any physical injury, this is a case of DOC under MM, as provided in sis CLAW. From the facts, ‘sudden shock can be established as Fauna received sudden tragic news about the concert. Given her close relationship to Ben, it is reasonably foreseeable that she will suffer from nervous shock. Fauna satisfies the provision in sis CLAW as she is Ben’s mother, hence satisfying both sis(2)(c) and CLAW. It was established that Concerted admit liability in the tort of negligence concerning Ben’s injuries. In pursuant to sis(1)(a) of CLAW, Consonance’s liability should also extend to Fauna, as she is a parent of Ben and a family member of Ben. Fauna would have legal remedy in the tort of MM. Ben v Lisa As Alias’s conduct was a clear positive act causing further injury, this is a non- problematic case. Existence of DOC depends on reasonable verifiability of class of plaintiffs. By subsuming Ben under a broad class of plaintiffs – ‘persons receiving aid’ – the requirement of verifiability is easily fulfilled. Thus, it was reasonably foreseeable that Ben would suffer subsequent injury if Lisa failed to take reasonable care while rendering Ben aid. Hence, DOC is established, and Lisa is liable in relation to positive acts. Alias’s act of treating Ben with poison was negligent. Since the possibility of carelessly rather injuring Ben by treating the wound with poison is not far-fetched or fanciful, verifiability exists. The significance of further injuring someone is also a substantial risk. In considering the reasonableness of possible precautions, the issue of social utility may be raised to Justify the lack of taking precautions to avoid these risks. Yet, the likely conclusion is that Alias’s act of treating Ben’s wound with poison, which created a serious risk of harm, was not warranted, as Lisa has the option of taking precaution by checking if the bottle was in fact antiseptic liquid or poison. It as been established that even when acting for social benefit, the standard of care is higher for professional defendant, and carelessly treating a wound with poison constitutes negligence. In balancing the risk against the end, the risk that Lisa took when she treated Ben’s wound with poison was not Justified as Lisa has work experience from SST John’s ambulance, hence Lisa should exercise a higher degree of caution when treating Ben’s wound. In those circumstances, a reasonable man would have taken precautions to prevent foreseeable risk. Therefore, Lisa was negligent and this constitutes breach. There are no contentious issues in satisfying necessary condition here. ‘But for’ Alias’s not have sustained further injury. Pursuant to sis(1)(b) CLAW, we need to consider whether it is appropriate to extend the defendant’s SOL to the harm. Alias’s act of negligence directly caused Ben further injury when she treated him with poison instead of antiseptic. Sustaining further injury is the kind of harm that is a reasonably foreseeable result of being treated with poison, as it is not far-fetched or fanciful, indicating Ben’s injury. However, Lisa might argue that ‘but for’ her negligence, Ben was still injured by Christopher gelignite. The manner of harm was a foreseeable result of Ben’s injury as it is appropriate to hold Lisa responsible for the entire course of injury, even if Ben has sustained prior injury from Christopher negligence. Thus, Lisa has fulfilled the kind of harm and manner of harm test as Ben’s injury was reasonably foreseeable due to Alias’s negligent act. Lisa will try to seek protection from liability under so CLAW. Lisa fits the definition of â€Å"Good Samaritan† as she goes to Ben’s aid without expecting payment. However, to successfully use this defense, Lisa must prove that her act of assisting Ben was done oneself, and without recklessness. There is nothing on the facts to suggest dishonesty, but her act of treating Ben’s wound with poison could possibly constitute recklessness. You read "Michelle v Canconcert" in category "Papers" Ultimately, this should be decided by courts subjectively based on her circumstances, and if the defense applies, Lisa will not be liable for negligence. Darryl v Sarah Sarah owes a DOC to Darryl as an occupier of land because Darryl is an invitee to Sarah’s property, making him a lawful entrant. Occupier-entrant relationship is an established duty category, thus the existence of DOC presents no challenge. Since it s reasonably foreseeable that visitors coming onto Sarah’s land would suffer some kind of harm if Sarah failed to take reasonable care, Sarah owes Darryl an obvious Donahue type DOC. The issue is whether Sarah’s omission to warn is part of DOC. An existing duty to act has to be established for omissions to constitute negligence. Sarah’s requisite duty to act arises from Occupier’s liability in ACT legislation – sass CLAW. Similar to Azalea, Sarah has a general duty as an occupier to act positively to take reasonable care to avoid foreseeable risk of injury to entrants, in the circumstances. The DOC therefore clearly affords Sarah liability for omissions. Using sis CLAW, the breach enquiry examines Sarah’s particular conduct to ascertain, as a question of fact, if Sarah has breached DOC. If Sarah’s behavior is not reasonable, breach is established. Three potential breaches: 1) Sarah’s failure to warn (by erecting a warning sign) is the most likely omission to constitute breach. 2) Failure to patch the gully, or to engage in physical impracticality of such precautions. 3) Failure to fence the gully is unreasonable as the gully is not a latent danger. The gully, in these circumstances, could not cause harm to anyone without the person actively ‘Jumping over it, and it requires a fence all around, not Just at the particular area where accident occurred. Since the reasonableness of second and third precautions is uncertain and highly dependent on nature of gully, by common sense the first precaution (to warn) seems the most practicable. Similar to Wong, a contextual and balance assessment would establish that putting up a warning sign constitutes a reasonable and effective response to the foreseeable risk in this instance. In deciding the nature of required warning, obviousness of risk is a factor to insider. There is no breach when obviousness of risk makes it reasonable for defendant not to respond to the risk of injury. This usually relates to omissions to warn. With reference to the facts, a reasonable person would have warned the entrant about the â€Å"rugged† nature of the premises, and the gravity and likelihood of Dairy’s probable injury if he were to engage in outdoor activity with Sarah’s motorbike. In this context, Sarah was required to take reasonable care by warning of this obvious danger. From the facts, Sarah was negligent by failing to put up warning signs about the possible danger arising from the gully. Breach is established. There are two requirements for causation in sis CLAW. Firstly, negligence has to be a necessary condition of harm. Similar to Ideals Palace, there is no evidence to find that Sarah’s omission to warn, was a necessary condition of Dairy’s harm. The ‘but for’ test, functioning as a negative criterion of causation, fails here, as it is unreasonable to assume that Darryl would not have â€Å"Jumped† over the gully if Sarah had not been negligent in warning him. Simply showing the possibility of different consequences in the absence of defendant’s negligent omission cannot satisfy actual causation. Darryl must therefore establish on the balance of probabilities that he would have responded to the warning in such a way as to avoid the danger. Given Dairy’s thrill seeking nature, he would still have attempted to â€Å"Jump† over the gully with Sarah’s motorbike. Therefore, Sarah’s negligence in warning would not be found to be a necessary condition. The defendant’s SOL to the harm. In this instance the kind of harm was not foreseeable as it would be far-fetched or fanciful to assume that Darryl would not have attempted to Jump over the gully even if Sarah did not breach the failure to warn. Manner of harm is not in contention, as Dairy’s injury satisfies the manner of harm test in Wagon Mound – Dairy’s injury, is exactly the manner of harm that Sarah had reasonable foreseen. Since Alfred admitted liability under negligence, he owes damages. Calculation of Damages: Compensatory damages are divided into pecuniary, and non-pecuniary damages. Pecuniary: 1) Derived-from-John’s-loss-of-earning-capacity. John-is-entitled-to-recover-for-any diminution-in-capacity-to-earn. Since-he-is-still-able-to-work-after-accident, but in a- lower-paying-job, he-will-be-compensated-for-the-net-loss-in-prospective-earning opacity according-to-provisions-of sis CLAW. This-is-calculated-by-finding-the average-income-of-a-top-Rugby-League-player, since he was already a first grade Rugby-player-with the-Canberra-cavalry, and has-not-made-it-to-the-top yet. From that sum, deduct-his-predicted-earning-capacity-after-accident. Further-deduct-costs that-John-have-had-to-have-incurred-in-earning-the-income. 2) Compensation in claim for medical treatment expenses. As long as John has paid for past medical treatment, relating to relevant injury, he can claim the costs. John will also be compensated for subsequent, long-term medical care, even though they ere provided free of charge by Elena. Even though Elena personally provided the medical care, principle in Australia is such that John will still receive compensation for gratuitous services provided. Damages for this will be calculated based on reasonable and commercial costs of providing the care. ) Discounts are considered because a sum of money is given for future pecuniary loss. Discounts for all future economic loss. It is usually 3% in all cases for ACT. Next, discounts-for-vicissitudes-of-life-usually-applied-to-future earning capacity only, and starts with 15% but varies circumstantially. ) Collateral-benefits-does-not-apply, as the intention with-whi ch-the-monetary benefits-from-his- â€Å"mates† was to-assist-John-in-bill-payments, and-not-reduce-the liability of Alfred. Non-pecuniary: 1) Compensation for loss of amenities (enjoyment of life) is set out in sis CLAW. It is likely that John will be compensated here as John has to give up his Rugby career and his pastime of waterier. 2) No compensation for pain and suffering and loss of expectation of life as no evidence in facts to suggest otherwise. Ben v Alex Vicarious Liability: Since Ben is unable to sue Christopher, Ben might claim damages from Alex under legislation between Alex and Christopher. From Hollies/Stevens, it is necessary that an employer-employee relationship be established between Alex and Christopher for Alex to be vicariously liable. The case involves an independent method for distinguishing an employee from an independent contractor (C). From the facts, Christopher has specific skills as a builder who is able to make an independent career to generate ‘goodwill’ given his reputation for having good workmanship. Alex had little control over the manner of how Christopher performs his work as Christopher has flexible working hours. Alex id not superintend Christopher finances, as Christopher was paid a fixed sum of money. Christopher also undertook the provisions of insurance and deducted taxes himself, and provided for his own leave arrangements. How to cite Michelle v Canconcert, Papers

Waterfall Jumping free essay sample

I see only steps. My chest is heaving and my breath shakes, hyperventilating at a rapid pace. Ten more steps, move girl move! My legs protest, refusing to listen to the signals my brain sends commanding them to lift and proceed forward. A rough hand reaches down pulling me up a little higher. Five more steps, I see the top. A last kick of adrenalin propels me to the pinnacle. I have made it. I secure the florescent life vest the guide has provided for me. Now I am pacing. I have made the ascent, surely what I would have assumed to be the most taxing, at least physically. But now looking over the edge to my first jump acrophobia sets in and the glossy water below paralyzes me. Packing my bags at eleven years old I was about to make the first vital transition of my life. I was leaving my mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Waterfall Jumping or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My parents had been divorced for years, both on non-speaking terms leaving me as their monkey in the middle pulled this way and that, forever confused as to where the truth lied. My father had offered me private school education and a stronger sense of family unity with my stepmother and half-brother. Nonetheless I felt as if I had abandoned the woman who brought me into the world. It was an upsetting choice for me to decide and once I had, I knew it would be the last time I’d pack the suitcases. I had to jump, I had to take that risk, defy the fear and let go†¦ Swimming through the turquoise fresh water a sense of relief filtered throughout my body relaxing built up tension in my muscles. Scenery drifted by as I turned over on my back to float. The dense greens of the tropical forest evoked sound health. Friends of mine swam ahead led by our guide, a short smiling, portly man sporting aquatic shoes. I could hear the powerful white water gushing our over the rocks in the distance. 3†¦ 2†¦ 1 and takeoff. I popped the gum into my moth chewing noisily, leaning my head back and submitting to the gravity defying force. Looking out the side window exhilaration pulsed in my veins. Houses and cars became more minute by the second and soon I was in the company of clouds. My passion for traveling empowered my idea to study abroad for a year through a youth program at sixteen. Rotary international had sent me to Mexico to experience a new culture and return fluent in Spanish. This last year has been the best of my life and I am thankful that I had the nerves to surpass any trepidations and take a chance. I’m still swimming straight ahead. The water glides through my fingers as I breast stroke the distance. The last and tallest waterfall comes into my vision ahead. I am confident yet anxious. As it approaches I feel the uncertainty. I look down to a bottomless shimmering white mist. Turning eighteen and applying to colleges I prepare myself for my last jump. I have no idea where I will land but I am positive now that with persistent work ethic and willpower I will land in the right place. Gazing down below I will now take my last and final leap.