Political Theory and the Great Gatsby

In his article â€Å"‘A New World, Material Without Being Real': Fitzgerald's Critique of Capitalism in The Great Gatsby,† Ross Posnock establishes Fitzgerald's interest in Marxism by placing him as a Nietzschean Marxist and contemporizing him with Georg Lukacs's History and Class Consciousness, printed in 1923, and with Marx's theories by extension, attempting to â€Å"demonstrate how deeply Marx's critique is assimilated into the novel's imaginative life,† although he is careful to point out that Fitzgerald â€Å"does not share their abhorrence of capitalism† [201]. Posnock offers a close reading of material objects and Gatsby's subsequent mystification with them to analyze the conflict between the individual and society, Nietzsche and Marx. I would suggest a revision to Posnock's analysis of The Great Gatsby, reidentifying the material world Posnock places as â€Å"Gatsby's† as that of the Buchanans, with Gatsby an implicit imposter. As Habermas summarizes, Nietzsche's theory of knowledge is replaced by a perspectival theory of the affects whose highest principle is â€Å"that every belief, every taking-for-true, is necessarily false because there is no true world† [Habermas 122]. In analyzing the material acquisitions of Gatsby, Posnock seems to demonstrate how Gatsby attempts to create himself, to make his world real, through the material values of the Buchanans. Yet his past and his characteristics, his â€Å"old sport† catchphrase, are all a smokescreen diverting us from knowing the true character of Gatsby. Nietzsche would seem to offer the explanation that there is no real Gatsby. Coppola similarly provides a material reading of Gatsby in the opening sequence of his screenplay, as he moves the audience from Gatsby's cars to his concert Steinway, crystal decanters, a toilet set of pure dull gold, rows and rows of fine suits (plus one military uniform), and an emerald ring [Coppola 1-3]. Posnock and Coppola seem to see a system of material enclosure created by the Tom Buchanans of the world, the American aristocracy, complete with moral values. The system has created the parameters by which Gatsby may define himself, by his possessions. Reexaminations of Marxism, such as the thought of Jurgen Habermas, investigates the social and cultural implications about which Marx wrote, allowing for deeper analysis than Posnock's superficial offering. If my understanding is correct, in Legitimation Crisis, Habermas looks at socio-cultural crisis tendencies and how they reflect political and economic systems crises, saying that input crises of the socio-cultural system are output crises of economic and political systems, or that the crises of the political and economic systems manifest themselves through the socio-cultural system. Thus, the crisis of an impostor illegally climbing the class hierarchy, acquiring power and influence, manifests itself socially, in the conflict between Tom and Gatsby for Daisy's love. But this social crisis has political and economic consequences as well, reflected through our narrator. According to Habermas, â€Å"In advanced capitalism, [changes in the socio-cultural system] are becoming apparent at the level of cultural tradition (moral systems, world views) as well as at the level of structural change †¦ and core components of the bourgeois ideology become questionable (endangering civil and familial-professional privatism)† [48-49]. The socio-cultural system lagged behind while the economic system moved from traditional to liberal capitalism (laissez-faire capitalism). As the economic system moved into advanced capitalism with the power of the Progressives (beginning with Theodore Roosevelt), the socio-cultural system caught up as well, forcing changes in input from the political system. Consequently, the political system has interfered more with civic privatism, including the New Deal and Lyndon Johnson's â€Å"Great Society† programs, in a search to build new, satisfactory normative structures while older but imperative normative structures, like education, have lagged behind, jeopardizing the economic system. The Great Gatsby is set at the socio-cultural junction that Habermas describes. Essentially, our nation was coming of age, and the booming period of the 1920s could be interpreted as a dysfunctional attempt to enjoy the newly-available economic riches. In terms of Gatsby, the conflict between Gatsby and Buchanan really focuses on Nick Carraway, our narrator. In the same way that Gatsby has already chosen to define himself via the social norms established, Nick must now also decide how to define himself as he claims his voice as narrator. According to Judith Butler, who is interpreting Lacan, â€Å"Entrance into language comes at a price: the norms that govern the inception of the speaking subject differentiate the subject from the unspeakable, that is, produce an unspeakability as the condition of subject formation† [Butler 135]. We encounter Nick after his coming of age, marked by his 30th birthday on the evening of Tom and Gatsby's confrontation, a day when â€Å"the transition from libertine to prig was so complete† [Fitzgerald 137], after he is allowed a voice. In fact, Carraway is only offered the opportunity to speak by his laissez-faire reaction to the moral dilemma. According to Butler: Although psychoanalysis refers to this inception of the subject as taking place in infancy, this primary relation to speech, the subject's entry into language by way of the originary ‘bar' is reinvoked in political life when the question of being able to speak is once again a condition of the subject's survival. The question of the ‘cost' of this survival is not simply that an unconscious is produced that cannot be fully assimilated to the ego, or that a ‘real' is produced that can never be presented within language. The condition for the subject's survival is precisely the foreclosure of what threatens the subject most fundamentally; thus, the ‘bar' produces the threat and defends against it at the same time [135]. The conflict of The Great Gatsby, if we apply Butler, focuses on Nick Carraway through the threat of Jay Gatsby's impediment on social hierarchy. The foreclosure of the threat, the execution of Gatsby, presents the ‘bar', the moral dilemma to which Nick must react. According to Saussure, â€Å"The social uses of language owe their specifically social value to the fact that they tend to be organized in systems of difference †¦ which reproduce †¦ the system of social difference. †¦ To speak is to appropriate one or another of the expressive styles already constituted in and through usage and objectively marked by their position in a hierarchy of styles which expresses the hierarchy of corresponding social groups† [Butler 157]. As Butler points out, Saussure is rehabilitating the base/superstructure model through the relationship of language and the social system [Butler 157]. The fight of Gatsby is really over cultural norms, and how Nick reacts in the last chapter is essential to the American future, in terms of Habermas, but also presents the threat of Nick being cast into the realm of the unspeakable. In his final encounter with Jordan Baker, Nick learns that turning 30, with the â€Å"portentous menacing road of a new decade† before him [Fitzgerald 143], comes final responsibility in speaking. When he says to her, â€Å"I'm thirty. †¦ I'm five years too old to lie to myself and call it honor† [Fitzgerald 186], Nick realizes he insults Jordan, casting her into the unspeakable by citing their age difference: â€Å"She didn't answer. Angry, and half in love with her, and tremendously sorry, I turned away† [Fitzgerald 186]. Not knowing exactly how he feels about Jordan and speaking without knowing, Nick comes to understanding the importance of speech through the guilt and shame he feels. That his ambivalent feelings toward Jordan, being half in love with her, mirror his feelings toward Gatsby, the contradictions that Donaldson points out would indicate that Nick comes to an informed decision about Gatsby before telling the story. At some point between Nick telling Gatsby â€Å"They're a rotten crowd. †¦ You're worth the whole damn bunch put together† [Fitzgerald 162] and telling the reader, â€Å"I disapproved of him from beginning to end† [Fitzgerald 162], one sentence later, Nick came to a moral understanding with socio-cultural and political implications.

Promote good practice in handling information Essay

OUTCOME 1- 1.1- IDENTIFY LEGISLATION AND CODES OF PRACTICE THAT RELATE TO HANDLING INFORMATION IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE The Data Protection Act 1998 (2000). This Act gives the individual, the right to see recorded information about them. The Human Rights Act 1998 details the right to a private life. The Health and Social Care Act 2008. This Act established the Care Quality Commission as the regulator for health and social care settings. The Care Quality Commission (registration) Regulations 2009. These regulations apply to all regulated activities that an individual may want to participate in. The Freedom of Information ACT 2000.This act allows people to access information held by the national health service. All relevant personal information held on different individuals cannot be accessed under this act and is protected under the Data Protection Act 1998 (2000). All relevant and personal information should be recorded accurately and factual. Essential Standards For Quality And Safety 2010. Every social care setting is legally responsible for meeting new essential standards. All individuals have the right to be safe to have dignity and respect; they have the right for opportunities, to complete tasks. All individuals have the right to be protected from abuse; they have the right to have a duty of care provided for their well being. 1.2-summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practise for handling information in health and social care- Anyone processing personal data must comply with the eight enforceable principles of good practice laid down in the Data Protection Act 1998. These say that data must be: * Fairly and lawfully processed * processed for limited purposes * Adequate, relevant, and not excessive * Accurate * Not kept for longer than necessary * processed in accordance with the data subject’s rights * kept secure * Not transferred to countries without adequate protection The Care Quality Commission also have national minimum standards about how confidentiality must be maintained. The inspectors from the organisation will check the systems for recording and storing information, and make sure that that they comply with regulations. All people who work in social care, regardless of whether it is for a large organisation or an individual employer should be bound by the professional codes of practice which give guidelines for professional behaviour that set out clearly the expectations of those who are working in a professional area. OUTCOME 2- 2.1- describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security- within the home in which I work there are many security blocks in place to ensure confidentiality is maintained at all times for the service user and the staff team. Regarding the service user all information relating to them is kept both on a hard copy, which is kept within our office within a  lockable cabinet which can only be accessed by those that need or have permission to access. Also we have a computerised copy which is protected so that only those working with the service user may have access. There is also other information present within the computer that only managers and seniors may access and this is only Kim Hare 01.07.14   possible through their individual log ins meaning other staff members may not access this at any time. Staff information is also kept as a hard copy and this is locked away within a metal cabinet and only the manager and deputy manager have access to this via a key which is kept with them at all times. This is also where staff 1:1 meetings information is kept safe. Again some of this information is kept on the computers but thanks to the information log ins for staff again only management can access this. Within our computers we also have encryption information meaning only those who have the authority to access this information are able too.

Film papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film papers - Essay Example Eventually the girls find them amid troubles and hysteric breakout of the fact of their witchcraft trial which culminate into gruesome climax and put the girls into tremendous trouble culminating into the death sentence of John and other convicts who show the guts to tear the confession and embrace death reciting the Lord’s Prayer which they end before they could say the word â€Å"Amen†. The film is an exact representation of the myriad myths and punitive measures that were undertaken for the practice of witchcraft. The film ‘The Crucible’ viewed from the historical perspective would definitely take its audience back to the play by Arthur Miller on which it is based and to the basic historical events with which the book deals. The main purpose of the film is to project and evolve awareness amid people far beyond the constraint of time frame, the actual reason behind the myths and superstitions are only for the fulfilment of some different desire altogether . The scene in the film which depicts the climax is very much relevant with history and bears much resemblance with the book.

Growth in Health Expenditures Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Growth in Health Expenditures - Article Example Apparently, between 1993 and 2003, the health care expenditures in the US grew from a total of $900 billion to $1.7 trillion which was equivalent to an increase from 13.3% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) to 15.3%. When these values were compared to the health expenditures in Canada, Germany, Japan and the UK, it was realized that the US had the highest health care costs and expenditures (Zuckerman and McFeeters, 2006). The table below summarizes the trends in health care expenditures. As noted by Rettig (1994), new and improved medical technologies have been seen in areas such as: the development of new treatments for terminal conditions such as AIDS, cancer and diabetes; treatments related to untreatable acute conditions such as coronary artery bypass graft; clinical progress for patients with mental illness and/ or substance abuse; procedures for treating secondary diseases within a disease, for example erythropoietin which treats anaemia in dialysis patients. Moreover, technological equipments such as sonogram machines and dialysis equipment together; new procedures such as laproscopic gall bladder surgery and new treatments such as statins to control cholesterol and cardiac catheterization have also contributed largely to the total health care spending. Despite that, it was noted that technology can equally increase the standard costs for treatments and it can also lower the standard unit costs of treatments so as to allow more people to benefit from the treatments being offered. For example, cardiac catheterization has increased the standard cost of treatments since it is highly used to treat and monitor heart attacks while laproscopic gall bladder surgery has lowered the unit cost of treatment so as to allow more patients to undergo the procedure as compared to using the open gall bladder surgery (Zuckerman and McFeeters, 2006). The aging population has been increasing rapidly over the past few

Game changers in the us economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Game changers in the us economy - Essay Example Shifting through more than a dozen possible game changers to boost this sluggish growth, five such theories have been identified as feasible for US market. These five will act as a catalyst for the US market and revive it from this depressing state. These five can further be dived into: Shale energy, knowledge intensive trade, big data, infrastructure, talent development. Shale, knowledge, and infrastructure will prove to be the most effective game changers to help revive US from this crucial stage and all of the five will provide a strong foundation for long term growth and competitiveness. Shale energy is the production of natural gas and light tight oil extracted from very deep grounds. It is too costly to extract these energy resources but US possessing the 4th biggest Shale gas resources has to utilize it properly so that they can enter the market accordingly. The production of natural gas and light tight oil is already booming in places like Dakota, Texas, and Pennsylvania as t he some stakeholders have realized the importance of the energy in terms of economical progress. If utilized properly then it could add a potential boost of $380-$690 billion to annual GDP by 2020. And this will in turn generate an additional 1.7 million jobs. Moreover, by producing their own energy from natural resources the US imports will reduce to zero. But along with that the environmental risk must also be controlled to fully realize its potential.

Should governments use positive discrimination policies to increase Essay

Should governments use positive discrimination policies to increase the representation of women and ethnic minorities - Essay Example There have been arguments that a similar thing, defined as positive discrimination or affirmative action, should also happen for ethnic minorities and should be expanded for women (Anderson, 2014: p22). The prejudice against women and ethnic minorities in representation is undisputed and positive discrimination represents the best way to redress the disparity in the short term. Today, there exists a vicious circle in which ethnic minorities and women prefer not to stand for elections, due to prejudicial attitudes against them (Pincus, 2013: p27). Positive discrimination is the best way to offer them encouragement to run for office and, if one or two generations are given the opportunity to run through positive discrimination, this would push forward the agenda and need not be a permanent measure. There are those who argue that the coming generations need role models, rather than individuals running for election to make up the numbers, especially claiming that ethnic minorities and women are capable of election without help from male colleagues (Cohen et al, 2007: p38). However, given the prevalent institutional racism and sexism in the UK, for example, it would be very difficult for women these groups to make it past the selection committee. Implementing positive discrimination for elective posts would also enable ethnic minorities and women to speak on issues that only they can, such as workplace inequalities and the family (Mosley & Capaldi, 2011: p40). These topics are still seen as being of less importance to the more preferred foreign and economic policies. By using positive discrimination, more ethnic minorities and women will be elected, encouraging social policy debate. Opponents of this strategy contend that even where female politicians are elected to public office, such as Angela Merkel and Margaret Thatcher, they still deal with topics that are traditionally male (Daye, 2011: p42). The same can be said of

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English - Research Paper Example This means that if anything goes wrong, he or she carries the blame. Therefore, the HRM with the help of other managers can employ various methods as a way of optimizing the organization’s profit. Such methods include; yield management and revenue optimizing strategies (Grabski, 2012). For instance, yield optimization in is a practice that uses models as a means of analyzing data and information to forecast the best output of the organization. Hence, the organization should be able to meet all its demands while optimizing its revenue. Second, optimization is an attempt of taking any information on the organization’s operating hiccups, the market demands and also the factors influencing them as a method of getting the optimal selling prices and the optimal production of the organization goods. Last strategy is revenue optimization whereby this is a process of finding the highest possible revenue that the organization can give (Andriole, 2006). Therefore, this paper has d iscussed the mentioned methods and their contribution towards the rise of poor performing organizations. Grabski, S. V. (2012). Transfer pricing in complex organizations: a review and integration of recent empirical and analytical research. In Readings in Accounting for Management Control (pp. 453-495). Springer

SPSS Analysis & Methodology Section Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

SPSS Analysis & Methodology Section - Term Paper Example as an Internet marketing tool by the companies. †¢ To examine the evidence about the benefits of using social networking websites as communication tool. Details of the methodological implications will be highlighted in the following sections. 1.2 Research Approach Saunders, Lewis & Thornhil (2007 & 2009) pointed out that researchers should select any one of the research approach from available approaches such as, 1- Correlation Study- understanding the relationship between variables is the key aim in such kind of studies and 2- Causal Study- finding out the reasons behind the variation in the behaviour of variables is the key reason behind such kind of research approach. As the researcher is trying to understand the role of social networking websites such as Facebook and twitter on increasing effectiveness of Internet marketing tool for companies hence the researcher will use correlation approach to find out what is the relationship between effectiveness of Internet marketing to ol and social networking website penetration. ... 1.3 Research Strategy Creswell (2009) stated that there can be three types of research strategy for researchers such as, 1- Quantitative research strategy- gathering primary data by using open ended and preferably close ended questionnaire or secondary data with the help of literature review, case study etc and then analyze the data by using mathematical and statistical operators, 2- Qualitative approach- gathering data from secondary sources or open ended questionnaire based interview, observation, ethnography and then analyzed data in non-numeric manner, 3- Mixed strategy- combination of both qualitative and quantitative research approach. Saunders, Lewis & Thornhil (2007 & 2009) argued that quantitative research strategy works well for establishing new theory or explaining a social phenomenon but the research strategy works poorly for measuring the relationship variables in absolute manner. On the other hand, Bryman & Bell (2003) also found that quantitative research can be used f or finding the relationship between variables in definite manner. As the researcher has also planned to understand the role of social networking websites in digital marketing which is a definite phenomenon hence the researcher will use quantitative research strategy in the study. 2.3 Unit of analysis and Study setting Robson (2011) stated that while conducting quantitative data analysis, researchers need to set the confidence interval high enough to get correct research findings. Saunders, Lewis & Thornhil (2009) suggested that 95% confidence level with significance of 0.05 can be used in case of academic research. Hence, the researcher will also use the 95%

House Arrest Essay Example for Free

House Arrest Essay There are several forms of house arrest; one I am more familiar with would be with an ankle monitor this is used usually with a low level offender. When released the inmate is fitted with the global positing system and this devise will alert the police if and when this individual violates his or her house arrest conditions. Global Positioning System (GPS) technology was officially introduced as an electronic monitoring option within the Department of Corrections in January 2007. Its current primary target population is specific paroled sex offenders. This device records offender movement throughout the community and reports those movements to a host computer. Department of Corrections staff is able to review maps and track the movement of the parolee throughout the day (Chisholm, 2001-2012). So we have one which can monitor if an offender leaves his or her home which they are ordered by a judge to stay within their boundaries, and then we have another similar devise to which the offender is fitted with but is able to move around the community and live among his or her peers. In addition we also can offer a prisoner if they have at least completed 3 to 6 months of their sentence. Studies show this seems to work if it is done when they are new in the system and before they learn how to survive on the inside or even get involved with the wrong groups. This is also compared to split sentence, these concepts are different but sometimes used interchangeably. But as with all probation shock probation is used as a privilege as some think it’s a right that they deserve it, but they do not it is something that is earned and many of those who do get it abuse it and end up back in jail sometimes again and again never learning a lesson and they keep re offending. In some cases it works for the better and they get out and really make a change for the better. Some of which may believe that if they went easy or just receive a slap on the wrist the first time they will just do it again. But again before these options were even are offered the defense team must meet with the judge to discuss and provide how the terms of the probation will be set along with the length and any other details. Shock probation is usually considered when a prisoner is a first time offender and a judge believes, given the circumstances of the case, that the prisoner has a chance at reform which may be enhanced by being released. This term is sometimes used interchangeably with â€Å"split sentence,† but the two concepts are different. In a split sentence, at the time of the initial sentencing hearing the judge declares that the convicted person will be sent to prison and then released on probation after a certain amount of time (Delich, 2003-2012). These are just a few forms of probation and studies show them to be very effective if carried out in an appropriate manor and having the proper supervision to help the inmate succeeded. References 1. (Chisholm, 2001-2012) 2. (Delich, 2003-2012)

Product and Service Marketing Analysis Essay Example for Free

Product and Service Marketing Analysis Essay Product and service marketing are highly related. Take the success of a company like Apple, for example. The technology giant operates nearly 400 retail stores, employs more than 42,000 people and hosts more than a million visitors each day. In 2012, Apple’s retail operations generated nearly $19 billion. Furthermore, it’s estimated that Apple’s Fifth Avenue store generates more than $35,000 per square foot, making it the highest grossing retailer in New York – ever. Those statistics reinforce the company’s product and service strategies of those of a highly successful company. Apple continues to hold a number one spot on a list of the world’s most admirable companies. However, the success of Apple hasn’t always been so great. It wasn’t until the company combined good products with good services, that profits increased exponentially. Slide 12-12: Service Differentiation Apple actually had a point in business in which it struggled. That was in the 1990s when the company was selling products through larger retailers such as CompUSA and Sears. It was then, that Apple computers were shoved to the side, out of the main view of customers, as just another computer brand available on store shelves. Apple employees didn’t pay enough attention to the installation of the product in the big box stores in which it was being sold, so there wasn’t a true selling point for buyers. Also, the product delivery took a major hit. In fact, the brand became so weakened when retailers did not market the products properly, that the inventory wasn’t fully stocked. While Apple products plummeted in sales, the Gateway company was offering direct sales to consumers in its own stores, and Apple had to reinvent its business model, and quickly learn how to operate in a different manner. Less than two years after Apple launched its retail stores, Gateway shut down all of its shops and laid off 2,500 workers. Only three years later, CompUSA closed its chain of 23-year-old stores as well. Apple went against much of the advice it had received, and clearly the company was doing something right. Apple created retail stores that offer more than just a product. The stores offer a shopping experience that consumers often give raving reviews on. That includes ordering ease, smooth delivery, clear installation, the right customer training and consulting, and simplified maintenance and repair. Slide 12-11: Product Differentiation Apple Stores are now the highest performing stores in retail history. This isn’t due to just good in-store and online service. The products typically set the bar among all other technology products offered in the industry. Many Apple products come with customizable features based on a customers wants and needs. That includes hard drive and disk space, all the way down to the detail of an optional custom engraving on a product. In addition to the features, Apple products are known to hold superior performance quality. Sure, the products aren’t cheap, but typically when a customer buys an Apple product, they know that product will pay for itself over time. Slide 13-5: Categories of Service Mix When you’re dealing with a product that Apple designs and sells, it’s typically a highly technological device. That tangible good brings on accompanying services. The more advanced the product, the greater the need for those high-quality supporting services. When a customer goes into an Apple store looking for a new computer or an iPad, there’s a chance they don’t know how to maximize its use to its full capability. Apple found a way to assist costumers, so they can learn about the devices they’re purchasing for free. Employees at each Apple retail shop hold free workshops for consumers to teach the basics. In addition to workshops, customers can sign up for one-on-one training sessions to dig even deeper into their product’s capabilities. Slide 13-6: Service Distinctions These services offered by Apple require the client’s presence; therefore employees need to be considerate of the consumer’s needs. That is why Apple is known for hiring â€Å"customer-obsessed, empathetic employees.† Apple cofounder Steve Jobs offered a unique insight about how consumers interact with technology. Jobs said often the problem was that consumers are limited to thinking in terms of only what they know, instead of what is possible. Jobs once said that one of the keys to Apple is that the company builds products that turn the employees on. That is certainly to the benefit of the customers, that it â€Å"often means products are exactly what they want because Apple employees are so deeply entrenched in and committed to the customer’s experience.† Slide 13-8: Distinctive Characteristics of Service While many consumers know the physical products Apple offers are those of high quality, the company has made it a point to â€Å"manage the evidence,† and â€Å"tangibilize the intangible.† In doing so, Apple had to create stores that have a clean layout, in which traffic flows steadily, have employees that are busy, but they can still manage the workload, have equipment that is state of the art, have a symbol that suggests quality in both product and service, and finally, has a reasonable price for service. We already know that Apple services are offered for free, the company’s logo is iconic, and that the equipment is top notch. So, Apple’s stores had the main focus of a clean layout and employees readily available, yet still busy. When a customer walks into an Apple store, the aesthetics are clean and well thought out. Each product is on display for testing use, and the floors, walls, and counter spaces are clean and tidy. In addition to that, carefully recruited and trained sales associates are encouraged to take customers on a â€Å"ride.† They give each willing customer a short, informative tour of the space to be able to have a conversation and connect with each and every visitor. Then, of course, there’s the offering of support for each customer, which is just another delight to those who shop at Apple. The end result of Apple’s mix of product and service marketing combined is certainly one of success. Apple has the highest retail sales per square foot than any other U.S. retailer. The stores average more than $6,000 per square foot, which is more than twice the former gold standard Tiffany Company. That success did not come with quality products alone, but quality product marketing coupled with quality service marketing. The company’s marketing strategy is unique, but the company figured out how to attract and retain customers, generate an extremely large amount of word-of-mouth and brand appeal to give it a huge competitive advantage. Works Cited Chazin, S. (2013). The Retail Secrets of Apple. Retrieved from http://www.marketingapple.com/marketing_apple/2013/01/the-retail-secrets-of- apple.html on 07/23/2013. DuBois, S. (2011). World’s Most Admired Companies. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/mostadmired/2011/snapshots/670.html on 07/23/2013. Kotler, P; Keller, L (2011). Marketing Management (14th ed). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Moorman, C. (2012). Why Apple is a Great Marketer. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/christinemoorman/2012/07/10/why-apple-is-a-great-marketer/ on 07/23/2013.

Implications Of The Union Budget Of India Economics Essay

Implications Of The Union Budget Of India Economics Essay This article starts with highlighting some the basics of the Union Budget 2013-14. It further looks in detail at the planned and non-planned expenditure patterns. A detailed look has been taken at the tax proposals and its impact on individuals and different sectors. A special mention has been made of the views of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). The article then concludes by saying that overall it is a lukewarm budget. IMPLICATIONS OF THE UNION BUDGET OF INDIA 2013-14 Abstract This article starts with highlighting some the basics of the Union Budget 2013-14. It further looks in detail at the planned and non-planned expenditure patterns. A detailed look has been taken at the tax proposals and its impact on individuals and different sectors. A special mention has been made of the views of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). The article then concludes by saying that overall it is a lukewarm budget. KEYWORDS -Union budget India, 2013, highlights , impact, individual, sectors Introduction The Union Budget 2013-14 was presented  admist huge challenges posed by the macro- economic environment both in the domestic and global scenario. A majority feel that the Finance Minister (FM) Mr. P. Chidambram has done a commendable job by adhering to many of the public commitments he made in the recent past regarding the level of fiscal deficit in India. The FM did not announce drastic changes in the tax structure which could have brought in more resources. But given this moderate mop up he has increased outlays on many of the key sectors of the economy like education, health and social sector. Yet he has managed to curtail the fiscal deficit at 4.8 % of the GDP. He has also committed to decreasing subsidies given the next years estimate for combined food, fertilizer and petroleum product subsidies is at almost Rs 27,000 crore less than the revised estimates for 2012-13. Some Important Highlights * Fiscal deficit seen at 4.8 point of GDP in 2013/14 * Faced with huge fiscal deficit, India had no choice but to rationalize expenditure Borrowing * Gross market borrowing seen at 6.29 trillion rupees in 2013/14 * Net market borrowing seen at 4.84 trillion rupees in 2013/14 * Short-term borrowing seen at 198.44 billion rupees in 2013/14 * To buy back 500 billion rupees worth of bonds in 2013/14 Subsidies * 2013/14 major subsidies bill estimated at 2.48 trillion rupees from 1.82 trillion rupees * Petroleum subsidy seen at 650 billion rupees in 2013/14 * Revised petroleum subsidy for 2012/13 at 968.8 billion rupees * Estimated 900 billion rupees spending on food subsidies in 2013/14 * Revised food subsidies at 850 billion rupees in 2012/13 * Revised 2012/13 fertiliser subsidy at 659.7 billion rupees Expenditure * Total budget expenditure seen at 16.65 trillion rupees in 2013/14 * Non-plan expenditure estimated at about 11.1 trillion rupees in 2013/14 * Indias 2013/14 plan expenditure seen at 5.55 trillion rupees * Revised estimate for total expenditure is 14.3 trillion rupees in 2012/13, which is 96 point of budget estimate * Set aside 100 billion rupees towards spending on food subsidies in 2013/14 Revenue * Expect 133 billion rupees through direct tax proposals in 2013/14 * Expect 47 billion rupees through indirect tax proposals in 2013/14 * Target 558.14 billion rupees from stake sales in state-run firms in 2013/14 * Expect revenue of 408.5 bln rupees from airwave surcharges, auction of telecom spectrum, licence fees in 2013/14 Current Account Deficit Indias greater worry is the current account deficit will need more than $75 billion this year and next year to fund deficit Inflation Food inflation is worrying, but all steps will be taken to augment the supply side. Plan and Non-Plan Expenditures Planned expenditures have been reduced by 20% from that budgeted for FY 2013 in to attain the projected deficit number of 5.1%. This is giving some jitters to the investor community. Planned expenditures in Indias budget refer to discretionary expenditures which can increase the productive capacity of the economy for example, public infra spending, capital expenditure programs of public sector units and capital expenditures in the agriculture sector such as strengthening irrigation facilities  / dry land farming etc. On the contrary in the view of many economists curtailment of planned expenditures can have an adverse impact on long-term capital asset creation in the economy. On the other hand non-plan expenditure has not been reduced at all. It has actually been increased by 5% on the revenue account. It is slated for a further 10% increase in FY 2014. This brings us to question of what non-plan expenditure is. It primarily comprises of subsidies   food, fertilizer and petroleum   and other transfer payments, salaries, pensions etc. The 10% increase in non-plan expenditure projected for FY 2014 appears optimistic and quite on the lower side. A matter of concern is however the fact that the three critical areas of food, fertilizer and petroleum subsidies have not seen any determined attempts at long-term reduction. Budget Proposals and the Implications for Different Sectors Individuals Income Tax Slabs Income Tax Rates Where the total income does not exceed Rs. 2,00,000/-. NIL Where the total income exceeds Rs. 2,00,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 5,00,000/-. 10% of amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 2,00,000/- Where the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000/- but does not exceed Rs. 10,00,000/-. Rs. 30,000/- + 20% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 5,00,000 Where the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/-. Rs. 130,000/- + 30% of the amount by which the total income exceeds Rs. 10,00,000/- Education Cess: 3% of the Income-tax. A tax rebate of Rs 2,000 is proposed to be allowed for taxpayers earning total income of up to Rs 5 lakh. This increases the basic threshold limit for tax trigger at Rs 2.2 lakh for taxpayers with income up to Rs 5 lakh. However there was no relief for taxpayers earning total income above Rs 5 lakh. Simultaneously the FM imposed a 10% surcharge on income tax for those earning above Rs 1 crore. This is a mere 42,800 in number. Those taking new home loans of up to Rs 25 lakh during 2013-14 for purchase of their first residential property not worth above 40 lakhs will be eligible for an additional deduction of 1 lakh on interest payable The unutilized deduction amount can be carried forward to the next year. Women Empowerment The government has we had seen all along above adopted a pro-poor, anti-rich stance. In addition the FM in the budget 2013 showed a lot of concern for women. Among the many proposals notable was the Nirbhaya fund with an allocation of 1000crores. It is aimed at protecting women. He also announced the starting of a all-women public sector bank with n allocation of 1000 crores. Corporates There is a reason for corporates to cheer. There is an incentive for them to invest as 15% of spending of over Rs 100 crore on new plant and machinery in the next two years qualifying for a deduction. Securities Market The markets had some sops too. This was in the form of lower tax on securities transactions and easier procedures for foreign portfolio investors. But on the other hand there was a fresh levy, equivalent to the tax on securities transactions, on non-agricultural commodity futures. Impact on Banks The budget proposals will benefit government banks through equity infusion and gradual easing in stress on infrastructure loans. However, the level of non-performing loans (NPL) might be high because of the continued focus on agricultural credit. An equity injection of Rs 14000 crores in FY 2014 was planned. This was to maintain the momentum of all initiatives proposed since FY 09. The FM further pledged commitment when he said banks will always meet the Basel III capital norms. Private sector banks were encouraged to become competitive by creating a level playing field for them by extending them the interest subvention scheme. Impact on Healthcare The FM pledged that the government was hell-bent on providing Health for All or Universal Health Coverage and promised Rs 37,330 crore, an increase from Rs 30,702 last year, for the health ministry to achieve this. Here are some are some highlights of the sops: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare   got an allocation of Rs 37,330 crores There is a proposal to create a National Health Mission and this NHM will be given Rs 21,200 crore. The FM allocated Rs 4,721 crores to improve medical education, An allocation of Rs 300 crores was made to alleviate child malnutrition.    The Ministry of Women and Child Development was asked to frame a better for the improvement of the condition of women in the country. He allocated Rs 97,000 crores for womens development To improve the childcare health and education facilities, the FM made an allocation of Rs 76,000 crores. The FM attempts to create a comprehensive social security package to make insurance more accessible to Below-Poverty Line families. The FM added with a hint of humour that tobacco, the Governments favourite taxable product would attract a Special Excise Duty (SED) of 18%. This would apply to all tobacco products like cigarettes, cigars, cheerots. Auto Industry The Union Budget has received a mixed response from the Indian auto industry. Some called it the worst-ever and some called it fair or even neutral. The budget was not well received because of its hike in the excise duty on Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) and luxury models.  Joginder Singh, President and Managing Director (MD), Ford India Private Limited (FIPL), said, As we all know the automotive industry has been going through very challenging times, we are disappointed with the increase in the excise duty for SUVs. Textiles The budget announced a zero excise duty on cotton textiles at the fibre, yarn, fabric and garment stage. This will help reduce prices of end products. The reduced prices will further boost garment demand amid weak consumer sentiment. This move will undoubtedly promote revenue growth and improve operating profit and cash flows of the textile sector. The budget in continuation of the Technology Up-gradation Fund Scheme in the Twelfth Five Year Plan allocated Rs2,400 crore for technology up-gradation. This is likely to encourage investments power loom modernisation. Impact on Infrastructure The Union Budget 2013-14 addressed some of the many challenges faced by the infrastructure sector. However the solutions for some of the problems have to necessarily be found outside the framework of the annual budget. The budget announced the setting up of a regulatory authority for roads. This was long pending. If the board can be constituted quickly vested with enough powers it has the potential to address many of Indias highways development programmes. There was an announcement that 3,000km of road projects will be awarded in the first six months of FY14. This seems ambitious given that less than one-fourth of that number was achieved in the first eight months of FY13. However the target could be achieved if this is sought to be done on the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) route, rather than the build-operate-transfer (BOT) model. The EPC route will avoid some of the challenges in the BOT model viz., developer apathy, commercial bank aversion to funding toll road projects and over-optimistic traffic forecasts, the latter adversely affecting credit profiles of many projects in the past. Impact on the Telecom sector The budget did not offer did any special sops for the struggling telecom industry in India. Just one announcement was made that duty would increase on mobile phones priced above Rs 2000. It also announced a 5 percent duty hike on STB (set up boxes), and zero customs duty on import of plant and machinery for the semiconductor industry. The FM did nothing to boost telecom sector investors confidence. Education The budgetary allocation to Ministry of HRD for various schemes has been increased by 17% to Rs.65, 877 crore. A service tax exemption has been granted for institutes offering vocational courses. Under the total budgetary allocation, Rs 272.58 billion has been allocated for Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. Sum of Rs 39.83 billion for Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan has been allocated. Further a sum Rs 52.84 billion has been allocated for scholarships and remaining for up-gradation of existing universities and other education schemes. Companies engaged in providing education and allied education services stand to gain. FMCG Consumer durables As mentioned earlier the Union Budget 2013-14 has proposed to raise specific excise duty on cigarettes by about 18 percent. There is to be a similar increase on other tobacco items such as cigars, cheroots and cigarillos. This rise in the excise duty would negatively impact the demand of the entire tobacco industry. Manufacturing As a measure to incentivise large-scale players in the manufacturing sector, an investment allowance of 15 per cent in addition to depreciation shall be provided for any fresh investment of a minimum of Rs. 100 crores in plant and machinery for the period April 2013 to March 2015. On the other hand, there are no such incentives for the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector except for the non-tax benefits made available for an extended period of three years even after they lose their MSME status. The Confederation of Indian Industry ( CII ) Views The budget was welcomed by the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). They felt it was a growth-oriented budget, and it would kick-start the next cycle of investment in the country. The CII president Adi Godrej said the budget makes laudable efforts to optimise growth drivers while addressing inclusive and sustained development. The budget meets most of our concerns regarding fiscal consolidation, investment incentives, and inclusive growth. These are in alignment with CIIs submissions in its pre-Budget Memorandum to the Finance Ministry, said Godrej. Budget 2013-14 promises to adhere to the fiscal deficit roadmap as laid out by the Finance Minister last year. This will boost growth, curtail inflation and help in ratings. Emphasis on agriculture, technology and innovation and science and technology is very welcome as it adds to future growth prospects, he added. CII particularly welcomed the stress placed on inclusive growth and development. He was happy that the budget left untouch ed the indirect taxes, which if imposed would have led to a slowdown in the industry. Conclusion The budget overall is a pragmatic exercise though it did not contain any big-bang reforms . It failed to excite all. This was because the budget had some drawbacks. There have been no relaxations as regards to retrospective law introduced on taxing software and the expected clarifications or guidelines as regards the scope of indirect transfers involving substantial assets located in India have not come. No roadmap was laid for the implementation of the Shome committee recommendations like the postponement of the General Anti-Avoidance Rules (GAAR). But one must admit it is not a negative one either. In short the budget 2013-14 can be called as a blow-hot, blow-cold budget

Feminism Essay -- Feminism Sociology Essays

Feminism There has been a great deal of discussion over the Feminist & Gender Studies Program changing its name to Gender & Sexuality. The basis of this debate is over the exclusion of the word "feminist" from the title. It is important to question how this modification will affect the direction of the program and the feminist movement as a whole. The categorization of this area of study must be sensitive to the complex social issues it represents. Bringing the term "gender" to the fore-front, and focusing less on women, is a necessary "part of the attempt by contemporary feminists to stake claim to a certain definitional ground, to insist on the inadequacies of existing bodies of men" (Scott, 166). This new spotlight on gender and sexuality does not detract from feminism at all; rather it represents the next step in the evolution of the feminist movement. As Lacqueur stated, categorization "is an inescapable consequence of our biological makeup" (Lacqueur, 18). This is especially true in any college, where categories are institutionalized in order to help guide students along their academic path. It is hard to imagine academics as "a purely uncategorized and unconceptualized experience" (Lacqueur, 19). However, categories have a way of excluding some people, since people are diverse and do not fit into neat containers. This holds especially true with the Feminist & Gender Studies Program. The term "feminist" is a category that many students do not identify with because of its history of race, class, and sex. Some female students are not comfortable with its overtly confrontational ideas and do not want to be associated with the "man-hating" stereotype that is portrayed in society. African-American students can feel alien... ...ne society provided for me. I felt on the outside of feminism, because I thought my interests in boys, marriage, and motherhood was not included in its definition. After learning what feminism really was during my sophomore year, I discovered I was not on the outside after all. I have to admit that, at first, I was disappointed by the omission of the word "feminist" from the title of the program. At the time, I was just feeling at ease with my personal realization that I was feminist. I found myself feeling, once again, on the outside. I know after taking this class, that defining myself by any category is a wasted effort. The focus should be on who I am and not how well I fit into any category. I now understand why the only required course, one which concentrates on de-constructing gender, and the new focus of the program is the only thing that will save us all.

The Standards and Values by which the Court of Malfi Lives Essays

The Standards and Values by which the Court of Malfi Lives The values that govern character's decisions in The Duchess of Malfi are diametrically opposed to the modern day ethos by which we are accustomed to live. The play is set in a time and society where today's basic sociability, fairness and freedom from oppression were completely unheard of and unprecedented. Those in power saw no point to their authority if they did not take full advantage of their influence, nobody would lookout for anyone else and people's livelihoods depended on kings' fickle whims. Corruption was rife, fuelled by the ruthless backstabbing and do-or-die attitude. In fact, the play starts by amalgamating and spotlighting the flaws with the court system by referring to Antonio's recent excursion and comparing Malfi with the vastly different French court. Antonio is clearly a newly-converted Francophile and describes his experiences in glowing terms, emphasising its superiority with a pithy, italicised aphorism to show that the French head-of-state fully understands how his decisions affect the people - should someone "poison't near the head, Death and diseases through the whole land spread" (I, i, l. 14-5). Coining a superb simile in describing the court as "like a common fountain" (I, i, l. 12), the French communal spirit and sharing lifestyle is drawn to the audience's attention. Unlike the Duke of Calabria, the King does not punish freedom of speech and feels duty-bound to deracinate the inveterate "corruption of the times" (I, i, l. 18). Antonio is one of the most admirable characters and one of the few in the play's opening who displays an attractive side to their personality. He clearly has positive values, as shown by... ...her classes sufficiently, and several characters such as Rodgerigo and Castruchio seem to favour following this method. The Cardinal looks as though he has reached his elevated position only by extirpating himself from his conscience and things such as respect and position are clearly very important in court society. A moral character that would stick to ethical beliefs would not last long in this world of corruption and mercilessness. Right and wrong (only in respect to what is owed to you) is a vital issue and it is very important to learn to mix with the right people in order to rise to the highest echelons of the court. Overall, the emphasis in the Italian court of Malfi seems to rest on material worldly goodness such as money, appearance and status rather than aspects some would consider more important - spiritual well-being, conscience and morals. The Standards and Values by which the Court of Malfi Lives Essays The Standards and Values by which the Court of Malfi Lives The values that govern character's decisions in The Duchess of Malfi are diametrically opposed to the modern day ethos by which we are accustomed to live. The play is set in a time and society where today's basic sociability, fairness and freedom from oppression were completely unheard of and unprecedented. Those in power saw no point to their authority if they did not take full advantage of their influence, nobody would lookout for anyone else and people's livelihoods depended on kings' fickle whims. Corruption was rife, fuelled by the ruthless backstabbing and do-or-die attitude. In fact, the play starts by amalgamating and spotlighting the flaws with the court system by referring to Antonio's recent excursion and comparing Malfi with the vastly different French court. Antonio is clearly a newly-converted Francophile and describes his experiences in glowing terms, emphasising its superiority with a pithy, italicised aphorism to show that the French head-of-state fully understands how his decisions affect the people - should someone "poison't near the head, Death and diseases through the whole land spread" (I, i, l. 14-5). Coining a superb simile in describing the court as "like a common fountain" (I, i, l. 12), the French communal spirit and sharing lifestyle is drawn to the audience's attention. Unlike the Duke of Calabria, the King does not punish freedom of speech and feels duty-bound to deracinate the inveterate "corruption of the times" (I, i, l. 18). Antonio is one of the most admirable characters and one of the few in the play's opening who displays an attractive side to their personality. He clearly has positive values, as shown by... ...her classes sufficiently, and several characters such as Rodgerigo and Castruchio seem to favour following this method. The Cardinal looks as though he has reached his elevated position only by extirpating himself from his conscience and things such as respect and position are clearly very important in court society. A moral character that would stick to ethical beliefs would not last long in this world of corruption and mercilessness. Right and wrong (only in respect to what is owed to you) is a vital issue and it is very important to learn to mix with the right people in order to rise to the highest echelons of the court. Overall, the emphasis in the Italian court of Malfi seems to rest on material worldly goodness such as money, appearance and status rather than aspects some would consider more important - spiritual well-being, conscience and morals.

The Story of my Life

As a 15-year-old, in my life, there has been a lot of setbacks, challenge and some failure in my personal and in my academic life, though I am not proud to admit. When I was a little girl I was the happiest person you would ever mean, well for the most part. No matter what people did to me, I would instantly forgive and move on regardless of what they did to me or the pain they cost me. Now it may seem like I would go from being happy and content to bleak and dull, because of the most important people in my life, who was supposed to be there for me when others are trying to tear me down, but the person tearing me down is my own mom and dad.All I did and do was try and be good enough for them, but no matter what I did, it's like I will never be good enough for them. Sure they loved me, or that's what I wanted to think, but when it comes to showing it, it was like they don't care. Emotional and physical abuse was a daily routine in my everyday life. My father had no patience and always assumed he was right about everything, and my mom always assumed the worst in me and followed my father with his accusation, so as a child my voice was taken. I begin to keep everything to myself and became a shadow of my former self. No one noticed because of the smile on my face I would force every time I leave my home, the place I would fear to return, without noticing.At first, school failed to be my safe haven. People saw me as the new quiet and fragile girl, so they took advantage of me by verbally and emotionally abuse me. If someone wanted something from me, I would willingly give it to them, fearing they would say or do something to me. I was always trying to please everyone and trying to change something about myself that people did not like. I remember on the mouth after school starting all my teachers would ask everyone to describe their partner, my partners would say that I was nice to work with, but behind my teacher back spiteful words were being thrown at me like dodgeball except I was not dodging it. Sure I had friends, but none that was very close because my parents would not let me go to my friend's house or let them come over to mine and of course they couldn't stop the hateful words that were being thrown at me all they did was pity me. I never like being pity by someone, so I never told anyone about what happened at my home, I would avoid the subject but couldn't keep avoiding it the subject, so I would tell my friends, my fantasy of the family I wanted as if it was the reality. I never understand why people and my parents were mean to me. It took me years to realize that it was impossible to please everyone, so I just didn't even try to please them. When I realize this, it's like the world was lifted off my shoulder. I did not care about anyone's opinion of me because I was too distracted by my new founded happiness and was too busy living my life. I stopped have the urge and need to have everyone like me. I start standing up for myself, saying no to people and speaking what's on my mind, but at sometime's I would keep quiet when necessary. The naive part of me was out of my mind, things were improving in my life and was more than better.The man who was supposed to protect me and love me would leave early in the morning and come in the afternoon. If he asks for something and I didn't do it at the same time, he would yell at me and threaten to hit me saying he ‘would slap me' or ‘knock some of my teeth out', sometime if he would accuse me of doing things I did not do or acts like he know everything and if I dare to say otherwise he would yell and sometime he would slap me, and my mom would stand there and do nothing, sometimes she would try and stop him. He was the only person I truly fear but will not show it, he would be the only person that can bring me to my lowest point. Despite what happened at my home, at my middle school I would be in one of the highest classes in my school and always passing my classes with the high score. All of the hardship I have been through in my life made me a stronger person. I pray and hope God gives me the strength to keep going forward despite all the obstacles in my life. I am my own person and I will never change myself to please anyone ever again. My future is in my hands and I also believe in myself, to make anything possible for myself.

The Defensive Mechanisms in Ordinary People by Judith Guest

Ordinary People by Judith Guest is the story of a dysfunctional family who relate to one another through a series of extensive defense mechanisms, i. e. an unconscious process whereby reality is distorted to reduce or prevent anxiety. The book opens with seventeen year old Conrad, son of upper middle-class Beth and Calvin Jarrett, home after eight months in a psychiatric hospital, there because he had attempted suicide by slashing his wrists. His mother is a meticulously orderly person who, Jared, through projection, feels despises him. She does all the right things; attending to Jared's physical needs, keeping a spotless home, plays golf and bridge with other women in her social circle, but, in her own words â€Å"is an emotional cripple†. Jared's father, raised in an orphanage, seems anxious to please everyone, a commonplace reaction of individuals who, as children, experienced parental indifference or inconsistency. Though a successful tax attorney, he is jumpy around Conrad, and, according to his wife, drinks too many martinis. Conrad seems consumed with despair. A return to normalcy, school and home-life, appear to be more than Conrad can handle. Chalk-faced, hair-hacked Conrad seems bent on perpetuating the family myth that all is well in the world. His family, after all, â€Å"are people of good taste. They do not discuss a problem in the face of the problem. And, besides, there is no problem. † Yet, there is not one problem in this family but two – Conrad's suicide and the death by drowning of Conrad's older brother, Buck. Conrad eventually contacts a psychiatrist, Dr. Berger, because he feels the â€Å"air is full of flying glass† and wants to feel in control. Their initial sessions together frustrate the psychiatrist because of Conrad's inability to express his feelings. Berger cajoles him into expressing his emotions by saying, â€Å"That's what happens when you bury this junk, kiddo. It keeps resurfacing. Won't leave you alone. † Conrad's slow but steady journey towards healing seems partially the result of cathartic revelations which purge guilt feelings regarding his brother's death and his family's denial of that death, plus the â€Å"love of a good woman. Jeannine, who sings soprano to Conrad's tenor†¦ † There is no doubt that Conrad is consumed with guilt, â€Å"the feeling one has when one acts contrary to a role he has assumed while interacting with a significant person in his life,† This guilt engenders in Conrad feelings of low self esteem. Survivors of horrible tragedies, such as the Holocaust, frequently express similar feelings of worthlessness. In his book, â€Å"Against All Odds†, William Helmreich relates how one survivor articulates a feeling of abandonment. â€Å"Did I abandon them, or did they abandon me? † Conrad expresses a similar thought in remembering the sequence of events when the sailboat they were on turned over. Buck soothes Conrad saying, â€Å"Okay, okay. They'll be looking now, for sure, just hang on, don't get tired, promise? In an imagined conversation with his dead brother, Conrad asks, â€Å"‘Man, why'd you let go? ‘ ‘Because I got tired. ‘ ‘The hell! You never get tired, not before me, you don't! You tell me not to get tired, you tell me to hang on, and then you let go! ‘ ‘I couldn't help it. Well, screw you, then! ‘† Conrad feels terrible anger with his brother, but cannot comfortably express that anger. His psychiatrist, after needling Conrad, asks, â€Å"Are you mad? When Conrad responds that he is not mad, the psychiatrist says, â€Å"Now that is a lie. You are mad as hell. † Conrad asserts that, â€Å"When you let yourself feel, all you feel is lousy. † When his psychiatrist questions him about his relationship with his mother, Calvin says, â€Å"My mother and I do not connect. Why should it bother me? My mother is a very private person. † This sort of response is called, in psychological literature, â€Å"rationalization†. We see Conrad's anger and aggression is displaced, i. e. vented on another, as when he physically attacked a schoolmate. Yet, he also turns his anger on himself and expresses in extreme and dangerous depression and guilt. â€Å"Guilt is a normal emotion felt by most people, but among survivors it takes on special meaning. Most feel guilty about the death of loved ones whom they feel they could have, or should have, saved. Some feel guilty about situations in which they behaved selfishly (Conrad held on to the boat even after his brother let go), even if there was no other way to survive. In answer to a query from his psychiatrist on when he last got really mad, Conrad responds, â€Å"When it comes, there's always too much of it. I don't know how to handle it. † When Conrad is finally able to express his anger, Berger, the psychiatrist says to Calvin, â€Å"Razoring is anger; self-mutilation is anger. So this is a good sign; turning his anger outward at last. † Because his family, and especially his mother, frowns upon public displays of emotion, Conrad keeps his feelings bottled up, which further contributes to depression. Encyclopedia Britannica, in explicating the dynamics of depression states, â€Å"Upon close study, the attacks on the self are revealed to be unconscious expressions of disappointment and anger toward another person, or even a circumstance†¦ deflected from their real direction onto the self. The aggression, therefore, directed toward the outside world is turned against the self. † The article further asserts that, â€Å"There are three cardinal psychodynamic considerations in depression: (1) a deep sense of loss of what is loved or valued, which may be a person, a thing or even liberty; (2) a conflict of mixed feelings of love and hatred toward what is loved or highly valued; (3) a heightened overcritical concern with the self. † Conrad's parents are also busily engaged in the business of denial. Calvin, Conrad's father, says, â€Å"Don't worry. Everything is all right. By his own admission, he drinks too much, â€Å"because drinking helps†¦ , deadening the pain†. Calvin cannot tolerate conflict. Things must go smoothly. â€Å"Everything is jello and pudding with you, Dad. † Calvin, the orphan says, â€Å"Grief is ugly. It is something to be afraid of, to get rid of†. â€Å"Safety and order. Definitely the priorities of his life. He constantly questions himself as to whether or not he is a good father. â€Å"What is fatherhood, anyway? † Beth, Conrad's mother, is very self-possessed. She appears to have a highly developed super-ego, that part of an individual's personality which is â€Å"moralistic†¦ , meeting the demands of social convention, which can be irrational in requiring certain behaviors in spite of reason, convenience and common sense†. She is furthermore, a perfectionist. â€Å"Everything had to be perfect, never mind the impossible hardship it worked on her, on them all. † Conrad is not unlike his mother. He is an overachiever, an â€Å"A† student, on the swim team and a list-maker. His father tells the psychiatrist, â€Å"I see her not being able to forgive him. For surviving, maybe. No, that's not it, for being too much like her. † A psychoanalyst might call her anal retentive. Someone who is â€Å"fixated symbolically in orderliness and a tendency toward perfectionism†. â€Å"Excessive self-control, not expressing feelings, guards against anxiety by controlling any expression of emotion and denying emotional investment in a thing or person. â€Å"She had not cried at the funeral†¦. She and Conrad had been strong and calm throughout. The message of the book is contained in Berger's glib saying that, â€Å"People who keep stiff upper lips find that it's damn hard to smile†. We see Conrad moving toward recovery and the successful management of his stage of development, as articulated by Erikson, â€Å"intimacy vs. isolation†. At story end, his father is more open with Conrad, moving closer to him, while his mother goes off on her own to work out her issues. Both trying to realize congruence in their development stage (Erikson), â€Å"ego integrity vs. despair†.

Striving for a First Class Restaurant Experience

No matter what type of business you have it is imperative to command a well educated staff who understands the importance of service excellence with every last interaction with the customer. Service excellence as it relates to the restaurant industry is a requirement since there are so many areas in which perfection is an expectation of the experience.These areas include but are not limited to customer service, education and appearance of your staff; as a subset this must include a certain level of enthusiasms, and always meeting and exceeding customer expectations. This is not limited to face to face interactions but it also includes the appearance of the establishment, the quality of the food, and the hygiene used to prepare the selections. It doesn’t matter how flashy your ads are, or how attractive your staff appears if the customer leaves feeling unfulfilled at the end of the experience.â€Å"†¦there are some basic truths about service. First, it’s always def ined from a customer’s perspective, never from ours.† (http://waiterbell.wordpress.com/2006/05/17/article-service-the-real-product-of-your-restaurant-you-know-it-so-do-your-customers/) This statement couldn’t drive home the point any more clearly. That is why it is so essential to train all staff employees in a consistent and engaging manor, while giving them some ownership of the corporate mission, and philosophy. It has become to regular of a process in this day and age of fast food giants, to want the customer in and out of the establishment as soon as possible with no regard to there lasting impression of the service.To mention a few chains, that I personally find less than delectable, such as the infamous McDonald’s who has allowed the quality of their food slip along with the comprehension of their employees. So much for service with a smile, most times you will find a miserable individual behind the counter with a distinct lack of enthusiasm waiting for their shift to be over.On the other end of the spectrum you find establishments such as The Cheese Cake Factory where service excellence is reflected through there training allowances. â€Å"†¦The firm spends an average of $2,000 on training per hourly worker each year. Everyone within the organization benefits from training and development initiatives.† They have truly set up policies to live by, which gages their turn over rate as a return on there investment. They are about fifteen percent below industry standards which currently hovers around 106% turnover.The key to having motivated employees and helping them to understand that they are part of something bigger comes first with the managers recruited. â€Å"†¦Most managers think that employees are motivated solely by money. But research shows that intangible items — such as appreciation for doing a good job, open communication and involvement in decision-making — often play a more crucial ro le in employee motivation.  These non monetary recognitions help to promote confidence, and ownership in the company as it relates to on going service expectations. In order for people to improve or get better at there jobs they must have regular feedback as to a â€Å"job well done† or needed improvement in certain areas. From a managers perspective it comes down to the definition of clinical insanity â€Å"doing the same thing and expecting different results.† A good manager knows how to motivate their employees, and will recognize opportunities to get different personality types to open up, and perform at their best.Involvement in decision making policies is another way to motivate employees, giving them an active role in when changing corporate infrastructure, makes them feel as if their opinion matters. Not only will most people with ambition jump at the change to take on additional responsibility but it will also create a forum to recognize other management abi lities already with in the organization.This forum will also allow for individuals to communicate openly with regards to there feelings about management, and where improvements could be made to the entire system. It easy for the â€Å"higher ups† to get disconnected with the flow of day to day operations, and for them to loose contact with there ever changing customer, with ever changing needs. Keeping an active pulse on these issues will allow for efficient adjustments to these changes, and a distinct competitive advantage.When talking about learning curves and on going education it is important to work with every individual inside of the organization, from the cooks to the managers. The frequency of the training sessions is a delicate line that must be addressed carefully. It is important to take the staffs availability, relevant changes to corporate processes, along with varying levels of learning abilities into consideration when outlining the training schedule.These fact ors are important because you do not want to spend to much time training those who already understand, while neglecting those that may require more a more detailed explanation. â€Å"Waiters, waitresses, chefs, and fast-food workers demonstrating potential for handling increased responsibility sometimes advance to assistant manager or management trainee jobs. Executive chefs need extensive experience working as chefs, and general managers need experience as assistant managers.†This is especially true for established businesses that need to keep the same quality expected from the presentation, to the ingredients. It is very easy to look towards cutting corners, and saving pennies when sales decrease, or when operating cost rise. This is more of a question when, and having strategies in force to circumvent these changes allow for longevity, and continued success.For this success to continue the training systems, and corporate philosophy must have exceeding expectations build in to the employees requirements.â€Å"THE contented woman, savoring Marko’s warm bread, stopped in mid-bite, looked puzzled, turned to her tablemates and asked ‘Why didn't I ever know this restaurant was here?’†Awe invoking service is a difficult task to attain especially when the customers perception of these services is becoming more and more expected. If this same awe invoking service is seen on a regular basis, then steps must be taken to bring the â€Å"awe factor† up a degree as time passes. If a customer is used to outstanding service and that one time receives a less than stellar dining experience the repercussions could be staggering. Bad news travels ten times faster and farther than good news, and that hard earned reputations could go right out the door with that one instance.In closing knowing all the techniques to provide a professional level of service in the industry is not enough to keep the business running. It also requires a clear u nderstanding of the foundations of good service and developing the staff and management to best to fit in the restaurant, and the customer. The key is to maintaining the most professional service of any kind and learning the consequences of not having the power of good service.

Elizabeth Bennet in “Pride and Prejudice” Essay

Individuality refers to the character or qualities which distinguish one person from another. Ones uniqueness constitutes a strong distinctiveness in his/her character. Thus, when this sense of character is juxtaposed against the concept of individuality, the mutual association results in the inherent emergence of a persons true identity. Although the distinguishing of separate individuals personalities remains admired in todays society, there existed a time in which the pursuit of uniqueness in character and personality was discouraged. This held especially true for women in Regency England in the 1800s. A woman in this time period, respectively the setting of Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice, endured numerous pressures and overwhelmingly strict rules from societal norms in order to obtain proper placement in society. Women of the time most importantly should marry, and marry well, primarily to obtain the substantially vital possession of an exceptional reputation, and also to support their family and retain a good name. In addition, women held considerably inferior societal positions to men, having strict sociable allowances to only partake in balls, dances, and dinners. These contribute to a woman acquiring a greater extent of connections, which in turn increases their chance of marrying well. However, Jane Austen does in fact present a character that ultimately triumphed over the particular stereotype of women in pursuit of her own ideals. Elizabeth Bennet, the protagonist and heroine of Pride and Prejudice, conveys a powerful sense of independence, remains very outspoken of her views, and a reason for marrying which all contradict the stereotypical woman of the time. Elizabeth is an extremely atypical female for her time, for she invariably refuses to allow the loss of her individualism and pe rsonal identity in a society which encourages women to do exactly that. Initially, Elizabeths attitude of independence induces her to act on the instinct of her unique ideals; her sense of self reliance eventually causing a mass of pride and prejudice to formulate around her thoughts and dialogue. No, indeed I do not wish to avoid the walk, for the distance is nothing when one has a motive; only three miles (28). Elizabeth acts in direct defiance towards her mother, and even though she expects to create a negative first impression, her own concerns (such as the well-being of her sister), prevail as a top priorities in her independent mind. She also walks alone,  signifying the scarcity of independence exhibited by women of the 1800s, particularly towards situations that could potentially threaten ones reputation, such as Elizabeths walk in the mud. To such perseverance in willful self-deception Elizabeth would make no reply, and immediately and in silence withdrew, determined, that if he persisted in considering her repeated refusals as flattering enco uragement, to apply to her father, whose negative might be uttered in such a manner as to be decisive, and whose behavior at least could not be mistaken for the affectation and coquetry of an elegant female (91). In the thoroughness of Elizabeths dialogue, the author presents a tone of irritancy, for the protagonists self reliance on her own opinions could not sway Mr. Collins foolish assumptions. Through Elizabeth, the author also expresses heartily disdain of the inferiority of female roles of the time period, depicted by the occurrence of Mr. Bennet having to explain Elizabeths feelings instead of her effectively conveying them herself. I am only resolved to act in that manner, that will, in my own opinion, constitute my happiness, without reference to you, or to any person wholly unconnected with me (294). Essentially, this statement of Elizabeths to Lady Catherine demonstrates her fierce independence. She specifically states that her happiness is the only factor in the governance of her actions. Her self reliance and her own opinions create an independence which allows her to disregard the judgments of others no matter their social standing. Elizabeths independent mindset constitutes a v ery opinionated personality and character, which becomes exposed through remarkable dialogue. Subsequently, Elizabeths outspoken nature causes consequently different interactions with people through dialogue, than would traditionally occur with a stereotypical female. I talked about the dance, and you ought to make some sort of remark on the size of the room or the number of couples (76). Normally, a person would not point out the faults in their dance partners manners. However, Elizabeths outspoken nature allows her to mock an individual of higher social consequence for his discomfited behavior. This interaction presents a fine example of Jane Austens ironic humor. Darcy remains silent at the ball in order to remain socially superior in his mind. However, he receives a lecture from a member of lower social standing, a woman no less, concerning manners and formal protocol. From the very  beginning— from the first moment, I may almost say— of my acquaintance with you, your manners, impressing me with the fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain of the feelings of others, were such as to form the groundwork of disapprobation on which succeeding events have built so immovable a dislike; and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry (159). With none of the traditional politeness or subservience of her gender, Elizabeths reveals her unrelenting will to speak her mind in a situation of anger and in support of her feelings, which consequently humiliates Darcy. He became a victim to something virtually unheard of for a man of his social stature: an outspoken woman. Darcys formal and polite exit reinforces the importance that high society places in constant manners and obedience of formal protocol, portraying his now tentatively preserved sense of superiority. Lady Catherine seemed quite astonished at not receiving a direct answer (139). Elizabeth upon this instance speaks her mind in an incredibly daring manner. It seems that Elizabeth became the first individual ever to address Lady Catherine in that way, an exceptionally audacious stunt considering the old widows possession of so much dignified impertinence. Along with her outspoken behavior, Elizabeths marital ideals present themselves as the exact opposite of views exp ected to be held by women at the matrimonial age in Pride and Prejudice. Furthermore, most women of Jane Austens time period viewed marriage as the ultimate goal in life, a wondrous aspiration to be attained for comfort, materialism, and social stature; Elizabeth exclusively declines to accept these ideals as governance for her own actions. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife (1). This initial statement of Jane Austens masterpiece offers a miniature sketch of the entire plot, which concerns itself with the pursuit of single men in possession of a good fortune by various female characters. The preoccupation with socially advantageous marriage in nineteenth-century English society manifests itself here, for in claiming that a single man must be in want of a wife, the narrator reveals that the reverse is also true: a single woman, whose socially prescribed options are quite limited, desires a husband. However, Elizabeth criticizes the  advantages and consequence of marriage in her society, such as whether or not one holds respect for their lifes partner, negatively portrayed by her parents. Elizabeth fortifies these ideals in her declaration that â€Å"I am determined that nothing but the very deepest love will induce me into matrimony† (38). Due to the fact that Elizabeths extreme opinion of marriage comes as a response to Janes similar view, implications arise that Elizabeths point of view does not remain exclusively unique. However, closer examination of Janes character reveals that although love intrigues her aspirations, she would easily and appropriately succumb to societal expectations. Elizabeths outlook sets her far apart from the majority of women at the time, her position expressing that only love constitutes acceptable reason to marry. You could not make me happy, and I am convinced I am the last woman in the world who would make you so (102). Elizabeth adequately proves her profoundly unique views of matrimony by the adamant refusal of two separate but exceedingly suitable marriage proposals. In Elizabeths position, to not marry Mr. Collins would put her in a very precarious situation financially, condemning all her family to certain disaster, and to denounce tradition for the sake of her principles seems foolhardy but also requires a fair amount of mustered courage. In absolute liberation from the female stereotype she rejects the proposal of Mr. Darcy (likely the richest man she is ever to meet) as well revealing a complete disregard for societal norms and her prescribed role as a woman. In conclusion, Elizabeth Bennets character intrigues many, unique individualism plainly setting her far from the stereotype of her gender. Throughout Pride and Prejudice, several references enlighten every fine attribute of Elizabeths remarkable character. Her interactions throughout the novel quite clearly depict her as an extremely atypical female when juxtaposed against the norm of her gender, during the distinctive period of Regency England in the year 1813. Through her independence and defiance, clearly outspoken nature, and inimitable ideals concerning matrimony, Elizabeths character undeniably challenges the stipulated roles and formal protocol of the women in her time period. She remains principled and unshaken by the overwhelmingly strict expectations of society. Her every action becomes governed by assurance of her happiness alone, while decisions  too depend exclusively on her own sense of correct choices. The character of Elizabeth Bennet provides inspiration for many modern women to develop a sense of courage and confidence, demonstrated by her determined will to speak her mind in effort to support certain unique principles of marriage. Elizabeth figuratively compares with Frodo Baggins of Lord of the Rings, by being dragged into a quest in which a ring is central. In marrying Darcy, she overturns the social hierarchy by taking a husband who remains considerably superior in social class. Using her newly enhanced opinions to understand what constitutes a happy (as well as proper) marriage on her independent terms she makes certain of her true happiness, concluding in final contentment that she will now never desire to discard her ring into Mount Doom. â€Æ'Works Cited Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ann Arbor: Borders Classics, 2006.

Occupational Therapy vs Physical Therapy

Many people might question the relationship between occupational therapy and physical therapy. Some think the professions are the same or that the terms are the same; there are a few different therapies for people who have been faced with a stroke, a disability, or any injury that has caused physical restrictions. The methods and techniques used in these therapies can overlap with each other, but both occupational therapy and physical therapy covers all aspects of the patient’s health including their physical, psychological, and mental state. Occupational therapists and physical therapists are similar when it comes to training. The fields of occupational and physical therapy usually involve the training of patients and improving the abilities of their motor functions. Occupational therapists and physical therapists share certain areas such as body awareness, strength and endurance, classroom positioning and adaptations, and sensory motor skills. They both involve accessing the medical history of the patients as well as evaluating their current performances, setting therapeutic goals, developing a plan, and applying a treatment that enables the patient to function better. After an illness, serious injury, or surgery, you may recover slowly. One may need to regain their strength, relearn lost skills or find new ways of doing things they once did. The process is called rehabilitation. Rehabilitation often focuses on occupational therapy to help the patients with their daily activities. Physical therapy is needed to help their fitness, mobility, and strength. One example of how a similar activity might be used in occupational therapy versus physical therapy is where the patient might be asked to work on a crossword puzzle or another activity. In occupational therapy, the OT would be watching to see how well the patient is able to understand and spot the words among other letters, and the patient’s capacity to hold the pencil steadily and circle the word. In the physical therapy setting, the PT might have the patient stand up at the table if he/she usually sits in a wheelchair and maintain his/her balance while circling the words. For this certain activity the gross motor controls would be more of the focus. There are also some differences between Occupational therapy and Physical therapy that may make each therapy distinctive from each other. Occupational therapy mainly focuses on evaluating and improving the patient’s functional abilities. The OT does not directly treat a person’s injury but they do help the patient gain back their freedom and their ability to accomplish their daily activities. The occupational therapists main purpose is to improve life skills and most of the time involves adaptive equipment. On the other hand, physical therapy is focused on treating the patient’s injuries itself and helping prevent further injuries. The PT will make a diagnosis and treat the physical source of the problem like the structures and injured tissues. A physical therapist studies mostly over the musculoskeletal system and the anatomy. Occupational therapists receive extra training in oral and hand skill interventions and physical therapists obtain more training in the postural development and gross motor. The common and easy dividing line is, occupational therapists work with the patient’s body from the waist up, and physical therapists work with the patient’s body from the waist down. Although occupational and physical therapy uses different methods when treating the patients, the number one goal for both professions is the same: they both solve the function of maintaining the fitness and overall health of the individual. Both of the professions make every effort to cover all the aspects of the human health such as; mental, physical, and psychological.

SPORTS MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

SPORTS MARKETING - Essay Example Website is a vital tool for Nike because it helps in increased appeal to the customers shopping online and be a leading international marketer of the sport shoes, apparels and equipments (Johnson, E. & Et. Al, n,d.). Nike pays out a considerable amount on advertising in order to reach the customers in a better way and to garner support as well as curiosity in its goods. When rivalry is sturdy, products differentiation along with loyalty establishment and product interest are factors which position one company apart from its opponents and Nike is capable to endlessly generate customer awareness as well as foster interest in Nike’s products by efficient marketing and advertising. Moreover, when consumer enters in Foot Locker there is great supply of the Nike footwear compared to the other branded products. It is a good opportunity for the company to sell their whole lot of product offerings in various price ranges. The products of Nikes propose strong consumer interest as well as support for its products. NIKE wants to carry out the lowered-priced hybrid shoes to retain their old customer as well as to attract the new customers too (St. John’s University, April, 2004.). Nike realised quite early that internet could be used as a vital promotional tool for positioning. In comparison to other products of Nike, footwear has earned great value from the customers. It also gets top priority on the website of Nike. Nike positions their footwear as low range products and tries to capture the market. The eminent basketball player, Michael Jordon is the brand ambassador of Nike shoes. There is no denial to the fact that Michael Jordon has tremendous contribution to wards the success of the company. Nike mainly concentrates into the domain of sports and athletics. So, the company always focus to improve the quality of sports equipments. Nike targets

First aid Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First aid - Case Study Example heart complications and other body malfunctions that do not directly involve the heart; they include such as dehydration, high sea levels, diabetes, and hypertension. Situational fainting entails the loss of consciousness after events such as withdrawal of blood, urination, coughing, and defecation. These activities trigger an involuntary nervous system reaction that slows down the function of the heart leading to dilation of blood vessels in the body. This causes a person to feel weak, sweating and nausea and eventually losing consciousness (First Aid 45). Symptoms of fainting include feeling unsteady and weak, this is followed by passing out that lasts for a short period. However, the period it takes become a victim regains conscious is varies depending on the cause of fainting. Another symptom of fainting is a sudden sticky sweat, difficulty in breathing and nausea. The most common symptom of fainting is blurred visions and a ringing sound in the ears; this is followed by collapsing on the ground. After losing conscious, one may feel confused for almost 30 minutes; the victim may also fail to remember the previous events before they fainted (First Aid for Families 2). Assessment of fainting is done via the help of a theory referred to as FAST, this means Face, Arms, Speech, and Time. Face- the face of the victim looks abnormal, not be able to smile, open their mouth normally, and eyes that are drooped or half closed. Arms- the victim is not able to lift their arms at ease, this is due to feeling of numbness and lack of general body strength. Speech, the victims, show signs of blurred speech; they cannot speak and pronounce words in a normal manner. Time- when all these signs have been assessed, it is time to take the first aid steps or seek professional assistance (Thygerson and Alton 123). 1. If the victim is weak and seems to be about to collapse, try to hold them and assist them to the ground, this is because when people faint, they are not able to

Massive Extinction of Dolphins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Massive Extinction of Dolphins - Essay Example We are now aware of the fact that caterpillars do not last as confidently as we are able to observe our own annihilation depletion patterns will come to a conclusion. It will either be our own extinction alongside the massive extinction of other kinds for which we are accountable, or as a transformed community in ecological balance (Sahtouris 47). This balance will have to involve a mature human species sharing and reprocessing like all others. In a similar manner, this balance is observable when researchers investigated the population, breeding trends and human interaction with dolphins. Recently, the count of dolphins has experienced a generation passed since the Gaia theory, brought about by James Lovelock (Andryszewski 16). During this period, there have been numerous optimistic findings from the developing ecological awareness. This awareness includes dolphin-safe tuna, an ozone treaty, and safe air regulations in the western civilization. More importantly, the Rio conference th at was reportedly under-represented stated to have an increasing figure of accomplished permaculture or residing systems veterinary and tutors on the land. Recently, the explosion of science and marine preservation groups and sciences originate from the Planck gauge to the Cosmos itself . Already in prehistoric times, food scarcity, worldwide atmospheric pollution and damaging ultraviolet radiation were confrontations that guided towards the generation of new DNA genes and partners. Afterwards, animals and plants evolved. According to David Thoreau, repeated massive extinctions have had survivors of every similar catastrophe retooling, evolving into fresh forms and roles of species (Pollan 141). Dolphins have experienced an outburst of human interaction in the late twentieth and early twenty first century. It starts to look as though crises afford life unusual evolutionary chances to make new resolutions. For multiple years, marine researchers have informed us that dolphins share numerous characteristics with man, as well as intelligence and sociability. A contrast of human and dolphin genes displays that the genetic temperament dolphins is astonishingly similar to man. Researchers at Texas A&M University have discovered that dolphins have additional characteristics with us genetically than cows, horses and pigs. The level of the genetic resemblance came as an actual astonishment to a majority of dolphin researchers. This kind of information will not be able to assist scientists build the genetic blueprint of dolphins, but also bolster conservation hard work (Epstein 32). Assisted with the development made in mapping the human genome, scientists will keep on attempting to recognize individual genes on dolphin chromosomes. Leopold approximates it will save them for two decades, and the comparisons and variations will identify the time man and dolphins separated off the evolutionary system (Miller 117). Scientists at Texas A&M Uni

Identify and Critically Evaluate Ecotourism Essay

Identify and Critically Evaluate Ecotourism - Essay Example Moreover, less developed countries want to join tourism fever and appeal for investors to get money to their countries. This is where the roots of ecotourism come from. Though ecotourism is rather new field of human activity and it has not still been discovered if it is an aspect of mass tourism or an independent phenomenon of human activity. The interest of the world’s community to indigenous cultures and remote lands predict a great success to ecotourism. Further research is focused on considering ecotourism as aspect of nature based tourism. People are anxious about overall industrialization and technocratic society. They want to overcome their alienation from nature. Ecotourism is a perfect alternative to mass tourism that â€Å"frequently led to resource depletion and negative impacts on the values of local people and their cultural heritage. Pollution and over use, which degraded the beauty of many of the sites, became common occurrences† (Parks and Allen, 2009). Moreover, an important role of ecotourism can be explained by its main advantage – to preserve indigenous nature and remote land. Therefore, a public attention to nature preservation is determined in the framework of recycling programs, emissions reduction laws and regulations and development of nature preservation programs on the global level. ... The root of the problem lies deep inside the appearance of ecotourism as a separate field (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). The term ecotourism appeared in the academic literature in the middle of 80s. Currently, it is a specific field of studies in tourism and a separate sphere of activity that is differentiated from tourism as such. Sometimes ecotourism is perceived in the framework of an alternative tourism (Blamey, 1997; 2001). Therefore, conventional mass tourism may be interpreted as an external environment for ecotourism development. The main part of ecotourism niche is set by different private sector businesses (ecotour operators) and corresponding alternative attractions (e.g. cableways and submarines that make an access to different inaccessible easier). Thus, there is a need for alternative operators and firms mediating ecotourism (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). A level of businesses involved in ecotourism ranges from private small businesses to large transnational corporations. Anoth er important and wide-spread model of ecotourism is community-based model of service provision in this sphere (Donohoe & Needham, 2006). A specific nature of ecotourism raises specific issues for ecotourism operators’ considerations. These are accessibility and low costs of natural resources. From different perspectives, scientists and researchers have found different peculiarities of ecotourism development. In accordance with Donohoe & Needham (2006), the example of South African ecotourism supports the fact that cooperation of ecotourism operators with small communities is a perfect way to reach an enormous success in this sphere of activity. Further on, it is underlined that the more competitive clusters within ecotourism exist, the more successful this sphere is (Blamey,