Operation Management In British Museum And London Zoo Tourism Essay

Operation Management In British Museum And London Zoo Tourism Essay British Museum is one of the largest and most comprehensive museums in the world which was found in 1753 in London. The collections exhibited there were collected all over the world from the origins of human being to present day. By visiting those fantastic objects, people will experience a historical and cultural journey. As the mission cited below from the museum website, British Museum is more than a non-profit making institution, it is a great treasure belongs to all mankind. The Aim of the British Museum (the Museum) is to hold for the benefit and education of humanity a collection representative of world cultures (the Collection), and ensure that the Collection is housed in safety, conserved, curated, researched and exhibited1. -British Museum Governance Policies and Principles London Zoo is also a famous attraction in London opened to public since 1828 which is two years after since The Zoological Society of London has been found. Over 720 different species of animal exhibited here, it is a place not just for visiting, it is a playground in which you can interact with animals and get better known of their living. The main purpose of this essay is to find out the similarity and difference of operation methods between two organizations. Therefore, the operation procedure of British Museum will be illustrated at first, which will be generally indentified through several aspects, such as layout and 4Vs. Afterwards, the necessary comparison and contrast will be analysed between British Museum and the given case London Zoo. And some recommendations will be given in the end. Facilities of British Museum In order to study the operation system in British Museum, the facilities used in the Museum will be illustrated in the following. Furthermore, the analysis will be taken specifically and try to find out the deficiency  it needs to improve. 2.1 Operations management in not-for-profit organization As the obligation mentioned in introduction, British Museum is a trust funding organization which is free to the public, so generally speaking it is a non-profit making organization. However, the Museum makes the profit in some certain ways, such as recruiting the members and selling the souvenirs in the shop. To make it simple and clear, in the following research, British Museum will only be considered as an organization which only provides service to satisfy people by creating a good atmosphere and to promote its reputation all over the world. Layout and flow style With 8 million objects housed in British Museum, the layout would be a little complex. After several expansions over the centuries, it went through the changes from a normal mansion in the past to todays 75,000 m2 scale, which equals to nine football pitches. British Museum has three floors, which are lower floor, ground floor and upper floor. For my observation, the main visiting area is ground and upper floors. Ground floor Ground floor has four levels from level-1 to level 2. (see figure1) When entering the building from the main entrance, two small desks stand beside the passageway which only offers the free maps. Except for the securities, no staff can be found there. After gathering the map, I walk into the great court, and a large information desk at the right side of court, some staffs are working there for any requires. In addition, there is a special service provided here which is a multimedia guide (audio descriptions) can provide eleven different languages, by doing this the cost of staff is much reduced and the quality of service is increased. At this level ( level 0), there is a reading room opened for special exhibitions in the centre of great court and several shops and cafes opened in the corner of great court. And other facilities such as toilets for man, woman, disabled and a baby changing room are on the two sides of great court. Around the great court, more than thirty galleries are opened to the public on the three sides of the ground floor. On level -1,1,2, there are also some galleries opened. And both lifts and stairs are available between different levels. Visitors can choose any sequence of visit, clockwise, counter clockwise or random. Figure 1 Lower floor On this floor, there is less worth to visit on this floor, which only contains three galleries and two educational centres organized by enterprises ( see figure 2). Very few visitors reach this floor. Figure 2 Upper floor The galleries on this floor were arranged on the four sides of court (see figure 3). And the amount of rooms are more or less the same as ground floor, which include five themes, Ancient Egypt on the north side of level 3, Ancient Greece and Rome on the west side, Japan culture on the north side of level 5, Europe on the south side and Middle East on the right side. Figure 3 Furthermore, as more and more precious objects will exhibit in the museum, the display is very important for the operation management in British Museum. They even formed a policy of display to process the layout and flow aimed to ensure all kinds of demand from customers and to make them satisfied. Transformation process model Input to the process In the operation process, there are two sets of inputs, one is transformed resources which are always transmuted, and the other set is transforming resources which made transformed resources (Slack el al., 2004). Applied to the operation of British Museum, transformed resource will be the customers, and transforming resource is the staff, also includes all the collections. To improve the operation performance, the museum needs to explore new collections, but more importantly, it should train the staff to enhance their professional skills in two ways, the exhibitions maintenance and customers service. Within the process In the process, Slack el al. (2004) point out that different inputs transformed can be determining different types of process. Here the types of process will be divided into three categories; respectively they are materials process which is to transform the physical products, information processing which concerned with informational properties and customer processing which means customers are considered as major input throughout the whole process. As the above clarification, it is obvious that the British Museum belongs to customer processing, because at the beginning of transformation, each customer is fresh without any experience to the museum, but when tour ends, the physiological state of customers are equipped with basic knowledge and feeling about what they visited. Outputs from the process After studying the operation process, it is can be found that very few organizations produced pure product or service, in most of cases, services and products are merging together to enhance their competition in the market. Generally speaking, the output of British Museum is service, which is intangible and hard to qualify. Some organizations adopted the customer feedback mechanism to qualify the fulfilment of customers need. This kind of processing requires a high qualification to satisfied customers psychology needs. Characterizes of process : 4Vs 2.4.1 Analysis of 4Vs between London Zoo and British Museum After identifying the outputs and inputs of British Museum, the volume, variety, variation and visibility should be analysed. Firstly, as the biggest national tourist attraction in UK, both British Museum and London Zoo have a high volume of visiting. In 2009/2010, 5.7 million people visited the British Museum. And in busy days, the visitors of London reached 4000 to 6000 per day in average. Next, the variety of service in London Zoo and British Museum is relatively high. Although a large amount of exhibitions provided by the two organizations, visitors can choose the touring routines according to their needs and preference. There is no fixed routine. Thirdly, the variation of demand in British Museum is low due to it just experiences a small fluctuation in summer holiday compared with normal days. Conversely, customers demand of London zoo on weekends and special events will spur to 18000 per day while on Christmas Eve only 48 visitors there, so the variation of London Zoo is relati vely high. Finally, visibility means customer contact which made by organizations. As the case shown that London zoo has high visibility, in such circumstance, they realise the importance to improve service and to meet customers need. Similarly, British museum usually arrange the short period tours and try to benefit visitor to fulfil their need. However, the contact between staff and visitor is not frequent here. Table 1. Organization Volume Variety Variation Visibility London Zoo High High Relatively High High British Museum High High Low Medium 2.4.2 The implication of 4Vs of operations Compared with the ideal dimensions in the four aspects, high volume, low variety, low variation in demand, and low visibility, the operation process of British Museum seems closed to the ideal model and cost less in its operation management. However, the high variation of customers demand requires London Zoo to explore what customers really want from them. And it is the point for London Zoo to keep a sustainable increase. Pros and Cons of operation process in British Museum 3.1 Pros 3.1.1 Specify and categorize customer demand: Explore  the Museums highlights As a huge amount of collections exhibited in the museum, for most visitors, it is impossible to visit all the galleries in such a short period. To give the visitors a worthy visit, the museum selected a few of most valuable objects and created several options according to different length of tour. This is providing an opportunity for visitors to explore the highlight exhibitions, then visitors can plan their own trip by those suggested routine. Thus, the satisfaction of visitors can be largely improved. Meanwhile, it can also avoid the crowd in peak season and shorten the operation process. The routine suggested currently as below (Visitors can find the information at information desk) 1 hour at the Museum 3 hours at the Museum Objects to see with children A history of the world in 100 objects As the four selected routines designed by British Museum, on one hand visitors will tour the museum with the purpose, the time of visiting is much saved and it also make this touring much clear and effective. On the other hand, it makes the process flow fluent and efficient. 3.2 Cons 3.2.1 Complex layout for the large galleries Generally, the collections are categorized in related to the nature and history of objects. So in British Museum, the main permanent galleries are Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece and Rome, Europe, Asia and Middle East, Africa and America. And some large galleries contain two levels. The situation is when you wanted to visit the galleries completely, you have to go upstairs. If you pass through the way-out upstairs, your routine of the whole visiting will be disturbed. Otherwise, you have to go downstairs go on the visit to other galleries. Additionally, for such a layout, visitors are easily getting confused and lost directions, because there is no any sign of direction. During the visiting, I found the division between different themes was not so clear, especially for those big galleries which contain two levels. 3.2.2 Less space on the hot spot area Another layout problem is that it was a little bit crowed in the popular galleries such as the gallery of ancient Egypt. For my observation on that day, so many people were interested in Egypt Mummy and stopped to take photographs or pay a notice on particular object. In such way, it made the gallery too crowded to visit, and visitors must feel unsatisfied at this moment. Comparison and contrast between British Museum and London Zoo 4.1 General introduction of case London Zoo London zoo is one of the most popular animal collections in the world which opened in 1828; the aim of it is to house and display live animals and makes profit. In the past few decades, visitor attendance keeps high although there is a fluctuation because of zoos reconstruction and some other public reasons. But by the mid-1950s the visitor numbers began to decline from 2 million year by year, and by 1995/96, the budgeted level was just nine hundred thousand. The main reason is from social-economic changes including changing of living habits, growth in car ownership, leisure preferences and inflation as well as fierce competition. Due to the decrease in visitor attendance and lack of investment in zoos developments or its image, urgent action needs to be taken to change the situation. With the support of zoos staff, a new development plan was published and adopted in 1992 in order to improve the facilities and the service quality. Relevant surveys also need to be made in advance. Profit and not-profit The British Museum can be regarded as a non-profit organization sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, but it also has self-generated income through retail, international touring exhibitions, Membership, and fundraising programmes. By contract, London Zoo mainly relies on the financial profit to keep running its daily operation and maintenance and also partly relies on the public fund. To some extent, British Museum is trying to achieving a high reputation worldwide by create the most comfortable environment to visitors, however, London Zoo aims to enhance the quality of service to attract more visitors and increase the income. Defined the targeted visitors Both British Museum and London Zoo understand the importance to define their target visitors. Generally, the target customers of British Museum are tourist including individuals, couples and families, some specific researchers as well. After define the customer and their need, the museum provides selected touring options to normal visitors, which is a convenient service to visitors. Same as London Zoo, after specified the visitors, it is important to improve their service by knowing what their particular needs. By categories the visitors and figure out the characters of each group, organization will be easy to improve the service to meet their exact need. Quality of service As my observation of British Museum, it is hard to feel the existence of service even they provide the short free tour occasionally. Except for the information desk, you can hardly find any staff for help. Compared to British Museum, London Zoo also suffers from quality problem, due to capacity problem. London Zoo operated badly during peak periods because of lack of staff. As a result, the column contact with staff received the lowest score in the investigation. Long queues, delays, lack of contact lead to problems in quality in London Zoo Conclusion recommendation As the study above, although both British museum and London zoo belong to service organizations, the commercial purposes are different. However, they aim to provide the best service to achieve the success in their own business area. As the big national organizations, even though both London Zoo and British Museum are fully equipped in facilities, there are still some operation problems in service quality and process of layout. For British Museum, in terms of layout, they may provide the visitors more comfortable environment by expanding the space in the hot spot galleries; in the large galleries, the museum can display the collections all in the same level to avoid making visitors confused or lost. While in terms of service, I suggest that the staff may contact with visitors face to face more. For London Zoo, the capacity should be improved through recruiting the temporary staff during peak season. As the survey adopted in the case study, they have to create more contact with visitors and supply more qualified catering to increase the performance. No matter how big the organization scale is, it still has its strength and weakness. The obligation of management team is keeping optimize the operation process and continuously making profit and get a great reputation in the business area.

The Role of a Guardian

Guardianship is a legal relationship between a competent adult and a person over the age of 18 and whose disability causes them to make irrational decisions. The incompetent person is called the ward. The disability may he caused by mental illness, developmental disability, accident, or other causes. A developmental disability or mental illness is not, alone by itself enough reason to call someone incompetent. Even advanced stages of alcoholism is reason enough to find a guardian or some other kind of court intervention in that persons life. Competency has to do with a person's ability to make an ‘informed decision', or, with the risk of arm that they may experience due to their inability to provide for themselves or control their business. The court has the right to make the guardian last indefinitely. The only way to end it is to have the court end it. The only way that they do that is where the child reaches the age of majority and then they don't need a guardian or if the incapacitated person dies. The incapacitated person could also get better and then they wouldn't need a guardian any more In the relationship between the guardian and the ward, the guardian is given the right to make decisions on behalf of the person with a disability. When a guardian is appointed, the ourt gives the guardian the authority to exercise certain legal rights in the wards best interest. The courts, when giving rights to a guardian, take them away from the ward. Because guardianship involves such a serious deprivation of rights and dignity, the law requires that guardianship be executed only when other, less restrictive alternatives have proven not to work. If less restrictive forms of protection are not enough to protect a person from the risk of harm, then guardianship should be sought on behalf of the incapacitated person. A guardian's authority is limited to those areas of decision making for which there is vidence to indicate that a person is incapacitated. Some incapacitated people are able to make responsible decisions in some, but not all, areas of their lives. In these situations guardianship may be limited by the court to only those areas in which the incapacitated person is unable to make responsible decisions. Some individuals require a guardian who has responsibility for both the person and the estate. The primary responsibility of the guardian with duties pertaining to the ward is to provide consent for issues such as medical treatment and living situation. A uardian of the estate is responsible for managing some or all of the property and/or income of There are three different kinds of guardianship. The first kind is the most common type and that is plenary guardianship. Plenary guardianship or complete guardianship is when the ward has very little capacity and the guardian makes all the important decisions. People found to be totally without capacity or understanding to make personal decisions or manage financial affairs, are given plenary guardians. In determining a need for person guardianship, two prominent issues are medical decision making and residential placement. If a person is unable to give informed medical consent or is unable to live independently in an appropriate residence, person guardianship should be Estate guardianship is necessary where a person, due to some disability, cannot manage financial affairs. However, courts rarely appoint plenary estate guardians where estate assets are minimal. Bill paying assistance and money management assistance programs should also be considered before you seek an estate guardian. Small estate amounts can be collected and disbursed, without resort to estate administration. Some courts encourage the use of small estate ffidavits and court-supervised deposits of wards' funds as alternatives to estate guardianship. However, as stated before, many judges rarely appoint estate guardians in small or minimal Perhaps the least understood and least used form of guardianship applies where a person lacks some, but not all of the capacity to make personal decisions or handle an estate, the appointment of a limited guardian is not a finding of legal incompetence. Limited guardianship is intended to be less severe and more individualized than plenary guardianship. Although guardianship is supposed to be used only to the extent necessary by a person's ctual mental, physical and social limitations, courts tend to create plenary guardianship rather than limited guardianship, even where limited guardianship may arguably be more appropriate. One reason for the bias toward plenary guardianship is that the creation of an appropriate limited guardianship is complicated when compared to plenary guardianship. A physician must clearly state between things a person can and cannot do and must clearly describe these things to the court. The court must then determine which of these rights will be taken from the person with disability, considering the consequences for each. The limited guardianship must be understandable to the guardian, ward and other parties that may depend on the document. Not all guardianship practitioners, medical practitioners and courts are able to make an appropriate, The following are some better alternatives, which should be considered before pursuing guardianship. Representative or Protective Payee is a person who is appointed to manage Social Security, Veterans' Administration, Retirement, Welfare Assistance or other state or Federal benefits or entitlement program payments on behalf of an individual. Conservatorship is a oluntary proceeding in which a person (the conservatee) asks the Court to appoint a specific individual (the conservator) to manage his or her estate. The court must find the ward incapable of managing his or her financial affairs, but capable of making the decision to have a conservator appointed to do so these actions. Power of Attorney is a contract between two individuals where one party gives to the other the authority to make any number of decisions (e. g. medical, placement, financial) on his or her behalf. The person giving the power of attorney must be mentally competent to enter into the contract as learned in this class. If the contract is made and the six essential elements of a contract are met, the power of attorney remains in effect even if the principal becomes mentally incapacitated. Here is a case where some kind of guardianship or another court related act would have to take place. A person with Alzheimer's disease often loses all short-term memory and gradually loses even long-term memory. That person cannot make responsible decisions such as remembering to take medication or remembering to pay bills. If that person did not execute a power of attorney while he or she still had the legal capacity to do so, the only way for a family ember to take over bill payments or seek medical assistance for the disabled person is to execute a guardianship through court intervention. In conclusion there are very many things you have to consider before you try to become a legal guardian. You must first think of what is in the best interests of the ward. Then, if you can, you should try to find some better, less restricting options, for him or her. Being a guardian to a child or a mentally disabled person is a big responsibility and should not be taken lightly. There are businesses and law firms, which can help you, research and become a guardian.

What Does Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Mean?

What Does Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Mean? Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Features The debut of each written work ought to have a very clear thesis statement or argument. At the conclusion of these list, you will discover links to a range of argumentative paragraphs and essays. You may continue to keep your argumentative essays for your upcoming job portfolio in case they're highly graded. If you must compose a persuasive essay for your studies then one of the most crucial things to do is to produce a topic or title it's attention grabbing. Writing quality essays is the principal role of our services. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Our site provides custom writing help and editing support. Because of this there are going to be more writing assignments and a closer attention to the caliber of the writing. The title that you pick to utilize for your paper will always dete rmine so much about any of this, so a great deal more than you will possibly know about. Cigarettes need to be more expensive. Click the ORDER NOW button and complete the form. Writing a narrative essay is all about telling a story using your initial voice. Finding the Best Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Naturally, it isn't the ideal idea to reiterate a thesis in a conclusion in the exact way as it's been written in the introduction. Every family needs to have a all-natural disaster survival program. The lessons within this chapter give you the opportunity to come up with a deeper knowledge of the structure and analysis of. The major goal is to describe various organizational patterns. The Upside to Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Consider what you could do in order to make your school more beautiful. Despite the fact that you pay for homework, we provide those options at no cost. SATs ought to be eliminated. Since 6th grade students will need to compose essa ys more frequently, they ought to look up some topics beforehand. The One Thing to Do for Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Teens should be asked to take parenting classes. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. Key Pieces of Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Informative essay writing is an art which each student should master. It is possible to discover some inspiration about how to compose an excellent essay hook here. The theory behind a persuasive essay is to assist the student pass their ideas through the audience. Graded homework helper website. Whether it be for university or maybe higher school graduation, you've shortlisted the options for an excellent argumentative essay region of interest. In summary, at the present moment school is a significant stage of my life. English language classes usually expect a lot of writing. When you want an example written by means of a student check out our vast assortment of totally free student models. You will need to select a topic that it is easy to find details about. After you have the topic, answer the question and after that support your answer with three or more explanations for why you believe it. Begin with figuring out commonplace presumptions concerning the issue to acquire well-known topics. When picking a specific topic, look closely at the access to literary sources and appropriate info to utilize in your writing. If don't have any urge to waste time on choosing the best topic and writing the entire argumentative essay from scratch, don't forget that you've a loyal group of professionals by your side. Even if you're a specialist in a particular field, don't be afraid to use and cite external sources. The next step is picking a topic. Such kind of a bit of fantastic deal of impressive topics. Introducing Essay Writing Topics for 6th Graders Writing an essay can be very problematic, especially should you not feel inspired or can't collect your thoughts in a logical sequence. Textbooks ought to be free. Anytime you need to compose a timed essay, you should start out with a frame dependent on the parts below. Though a great essay cannot be written without a plan, the outline shouldn't be too large. There are a number of essay writing services that think they're the very best, and therefore don't be cheated and check the legitimate collection of the very best. Define the qualities of a comparisoncontrast essay. If you're looking for top essay writing companies, try out the mentioned above. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. It should help us focus on the primary idea. Likewise, it has to be logically complete and express a particular idea.

What Are Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata is a thin channel through plant cells that allows them to communicate. Plant cells differ in many ways from animal cells, both in terms of some of their internal organelles and the fact that plant cells have cell walls, where animal cells do not. The two cell types also differ in the way they communicate with one another and in how they translocate molecules. What Are Plasmodesmata? Plasmodesmata (singular form: plasmodesma) are intercellular organelles found only in plant and algal cells. (The animal cell equivalent is called the gap junction.) The plasmodesmata consist of pores, or channels, lying between individual plant cells, and connect the symplastic space in the plant. They can also be termed as bridges between two plant cells. The plasmodesmata separate the outer cell membranes of the plant cells. The actual air space separating the cells is called the desmotubule. The desmotubule possesses a rigid membrane that runs the length of the plasmodesma. Cytoplasm lies between the cell membrane and the desmotubule. The entire plasmodesma is covered with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the connected cells. Plasmodesmata form during cell division  of plant development. They form when parts of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum from the parent cells become trapped in the newly formed plant cell wall. Primary plasmodesmata are formed while the cell wall and endoplasmic reticulum are formed as well; secondary plasmodesmata are formed afterward. Secondary plasmodesmata are more complex and may have different functional properties in terms of the size and nature of the molecules able to pass through. Activity and Function Plasmodesmata play roles in both cellular communication and in molecule translocation. Plant cells must work together as part of a multicellular organism (the plant); in other words, the individual cells must work to benefit the common good. Therefore, communication between cells is crucial for plant survival. The problem with the plant cells is the tough, rigid cell wall. It is difficult for larger molecules to penetrate the cell wall, which is why plasmodesmata are necessary. The plasmodesmata link tissue cells to one another, so they have functional importance for tissue growth and development. Researchers clarified in 2009 that the development and design of major organs were dependent on the transport of transcription factors (proteins that help convert RNA to DNA) through the plasmodesmata. Plasmodesmata were previously thought to be passive pores through which nutrients and water moved, but now it is known that there  are active dynamics involved. Actin structures were found to help move transcription factors and even plant viruses through the plasmodesma. The exact mechanism of how the plasmodesmata regulate the transport of nutrients is not well understood, but it is known that some molecules can cause the plasmodesma channels to open more widely. Fluorescent probes helped find that the average width of the plasmodesmal space is approximately 3-4 nanometers. This can vary between plant species and even cell types, however. The plasmodesmata may even be able to alter their dimensions outward so that larger molecules can be transported. Plant viruses may be able to move through plasmodesmata, which can be problematic for the plant since the viruses can travel around and infect the entire plant. The viruses may even be able to manipulate the plasmodesma size so that larger viral particles can move through. Researchers believe that the sugar molecule controlling the mechanism for closing the plasmodesmal pore is callose. In response to a trigger such as a pathogen invader, callose is deposited in the cell wall around the plasmodesmal pore and the pore closes. The gene that gives the command for callose to be synthesized and deposited is called CalS3. Therefore, it is likely that the plasmodesmata density may affect the induced resistance response to pathogen attack in plants. This idea was clarified when it was discovered that a protein, named PDLP5 (plasmodesmata-located protein 5), causes the production of salicylic acid, which enhances the defense response against plant pathogenic bacterial attack. Research History In 1897, Eduard Tangl noticed the presence of the plasmodesmata within the symplasm, but it wasnt until 1901 when Eduard  Strasburger named them plasmodesmata. Naturally, the introduction of the electron microscope allowed the plasmodesmata to be studied more closely. In the 1980s, scientists could study the movement of molecules through the plasmodesmata using fluorescent probes. However, our  knowledge of plasmodesmata structure and function remains rudimentary, and more research needs to be performed before all is fully understood. Further research was long hindered because plasmodesmata are associated so closely with the cell wall. Scientists have attempted to remove the cell wall to characterize the chemical structure of the plasmodesmata. In 2011, this was accomplished, and many receptor proteins were found and characterized.